Transcript Chp 10
Chapter 10 The High Middle Ages, 1000–1300 Learning Objectives: Questions to Consider • How would you describe the overall aim of the church reform movement? • What were the positive and negative consequences of the military expeditions known as the Crusades? • What are a few of the ways in which education changed during the eleventh and twelfth centuries? Church Reform and Spiritual Renewal • Reform from Within – A Desire to Change • Cluny, Founded 910 • Clerical Celibacy – Not For Sale • Prohibition of Simony – The Cistercians • Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) Church Reform and Spiritual Renewal • The Church and Secular Authority – The Reform Begins • Leo IX (r. 1049-1054) and Clerical Standards – Canossa, 1077 • The Investiture Controversy: Gregory VII (r. 10731085) versus Emperor Henry IV • The Concordat of Worms, 1122 • Innocent III (r. 1198-1216) – The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 • Marriage Reform: Banns and Publicity – Jews and Muslims in a Christian World Church Reform and Spiritual Renewal • Lay Leaders and Friars – The Waldensians • Peter Waldo (ca. 1170s-1218) and Preaching – The Dualist Cathars • The Mendicants – Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) • Poverty and Preaching – The Dominicans • Dominic Guzman • Combating Heresy The Crusades • A War to Renew the Church – Urban II’s Call to Arms • The Plea of Alexius I Comnenus (r. 1081-1118) • Clermont, 1095 – Just War • Knights, Primogeniture, and Ineffective Control of Warfare – Notions of Lawful Violence The Crusades • Crusading Armies and Crusader States – Attacks on Jews – A Professional Army • Victory in Jerusalem, 1099 – Military Orders • Knights Hospitaller • Knights Templar – Military Skill and Moneylending – Crusader States The Crusades • Crusades in the East and in Europe – Louis VII and the Second Crusade – Jihad, Saladin, and the Recapture of Jerusalem, 1187 – The Third Crusade • Richard I (r. 1189-1199) and Philip Augustus (r. 1179-1223) – The Gain of Acre and Truce – The Teutonic Knights The Crusades • Crusades in the East and in Europe – The Fourth Crusade • The Seizure of Constantinople, 1204 – Crusading in Europe • Reconquista • Albigensian Crusade • The Impact – Sectarian Conflict • “The Infidels” – Plunder and Profit The Growth of Royal Authority • From Weak Kings to Strong Monarchs – Consolidating the Royal Domain in France • Parlement – The English Kings • William I (r. 1066-1087) and Norman Conquest – Henry II (r. 1154-1189): Administration • Shires, Taxes, and the Exchequer • Struggle with the Church – Restraint on the King • John (r. 1199-1216) and Magna Carta • Parliament The Growth of Royal Authority • The Politics of Dynastic Families – A Powerful Heiress • Eleanor of Aquitaine – Annulment from Louis VII, Marriage to Henry II – Henry’s Family • Alienation and Conflict – England and France • Hostility and Dynastic Marriages The Growth of Royal Authority • The Holy Roman Empire and Frederick II – Holy Roman Empire • Frederick I (r. 1155-1190) – Regalia and Imperial Authority – Frederick II (r. 1197-1250) • Empire in the North and Italy • The Instruments of Rule – Record Keeping and the Chancellor – Law • The Revival of Roman Practices • English Common Law The Growth of Towns and Trade • Expansion in Agriculture – Changes in the Land • Three-Field Crop Rotation – New Technology • Harnesses and Heavy Plows • Revival of Trade and Towns – Trade Fairs – Maritime Trade – Guilds • Masters, Journeymen, and Apprentices The Growth of Towns and Trade • The Interests of Business – Insurance – Credit • Usury • The Trade in Slaves – Sources – Religion and Slavery • Prohibitions • The Rise in Numbers and Demand The Building of Cathedrals and the Spread of Learning • The Great Cathedrals – New Structures, New Styles • Romanesque and Gothic – Notre Dame de Paris, Began 1163 The Building of Cathedrals and the Spread of Learning • From Cathedral Schools to Universities – A Typical Education • New Learning, New Thinking – Reasoning • Logic and Scholasticism – Peter Abelard (1079-1142) and Heloise – Interest in Aristotle • Commentators Avicenna (ca. 980–1037), Averroës (1126–1198), and Moses Maimonides (1135-1204) • Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and the Summae