Transcript chapter 8-1 - WordPress.com

The Rise and Decline
of Islamic civilization
1
A brief chronology of Muslim
Civilization
Preparatory phase
571: Birth of the Prophet.
This year was marked with an invasion
of
Makkah and an
attempt
to
destroy
Ka‘bah (the year
of
the
Elephant).
610: The first revelation in the cave at
Mount
Hira’.
The
beginning
of
Mohammad’s prophethood.
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621: First pledge at Aqaba.
The search for a place to
establish Muslim state.
622: Second pledge at Aqaba.
The acceptance of the people of
Yathrib
to
receive
the
Prophet (saw)
and
his
followers
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The Emergence of the State
622: The Hijrah (migration to Yathrib/
Madina), marks the establishment of the
Muslim state.
624: Battle of Badr.
The new power in the Arab peninsula.
628: Truce of Hudaibiya.
Peace to give people a chance to
know about the new religion, and to
focus on strengthening the newly
emerged state.
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628: The Prophet addresses letters
to various heads of states.
Going
international
(beyond Arabian territories)
630: Muslims return back to their
homeland Makkah after being
expelled from it.
5
631: Expedition to Tabuk
Sending a message to the Persian
authorities who had been occupying
the Arab territories and were hostile to
the new religion.
632: Farewell pilgrimage at Makkah.
The Prophet addresses his
followers with his last speech.
632: Death of the Prophet (saw).
Election of Abu Bakr as the Caliph.
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Transitory instability
• Attempts to destroy the new
religion and state
• Pseudo-prophets,
• Rejection of paying Zakat
(disloyalty to the central
authority)
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Wars of liberation:
633 - 641:
Liberation of Arab territories
(Bahrain, Oman, Iraq, Syria,
al-Quds/ Jerusalem, and the
remaining parts of Jazirah.
(occupied by Persians and
Roman Byzantines)
636:
Defeating the occupying forces
of the Romans (Battle of
Yermuk) followed by the
liberation of Syria and al-Quds.
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636:
The last major battle
against Persian Empire
(the battle of Qadsiyyah)
the fall of their capital
‘Madain’.
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641:
- Liberation of oppressed people in
Egypt.
- The Catholic Archbishop of Egypt
invites the Muslims to help free Egypt
from Roman oppressors.
- This exemplifies the alliances formed
between Muslims, Christians and Jews
due to the Muslims' establishment of
religious freedom for Christians and
Jews.
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644: Umar dies and is succeeded by Caliph
Uthman
654: Islam spreads into all of North Africa
which was partly occupied by Romans.
656: Ali becomes the Caliph. Battle of the
Camel. Another period of turmoil and
political instability (fighting between
different political groups)
660: Mu'awiyah declares himself as the
Caliph at Damascus.
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661: Ali assassinated. Accession of
Hasan. An attempt to transform
the Islamic political system to a
monarchy system. Al-Hasan bin
Ali abdicates (gives up/ renounces)
in favour of Mu‘awiyah. Mu'awiyah
becomes the sole Caliph.
12
• 680:
Death of Muawiyah.
Accession of His son
Yazid. The monarchy
system successfully
established
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710: Tariq ibn Malik crosses the strait
separating Africa and Europe with a
group of Muslims and enters Spain. A
year later, 7000 Muslim men invade
Gibraltar.
718: By this year almost the entire Iberian
peninsula is under Muslim control.
750: Fall of Damascus. End of the
Umayyad rule.
750: The establishment of the Abbasid
rule
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756: The first breakaway
Abdul
Rahman
founds
the
Umayyad state in Spain.
763: Foundation of Baghdad.
767: The second breakaway
Khawarij set up their own state by
Ibn Madrar at Sijilmasa.
Third breakaway:
Rustamid state set up in Morocco
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Those breakaways were followed by
hundreds of other breakaways and
civil wars across the Muslim world
792: Invasion of South France.
814: Civil war between Amin and
Ma’mun. Amin killed and
Mamun becomes the Caliph.
827: Ma’mun declares the Mutazila
creed as the state religion.
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870:
968:
1091:
1095:
1099:
1144:
Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his
death and accession of
Mu‘tamid.
Roman Byzantines occupy
Aleppo.
The Normans conquer the
island of Sicily; end of the
Muslim rule.
The first crusade.
The crusaders capture al-Quds.
Second crusade.
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1187:
1212:
1248:
Salah al-Din wrests Jerusalem
from the Christians.
Third crusade.
Battle of AI ‘Uqab in Spain.
Muslims defeated by the
Christians in Spain
By this year Muslim control of
Spain was reduced to the
Kingdom of Granada, which
survives for more than two
centuries.
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1258:
1260:
Baghdad destroyed by the
Mongols.
End of the Abbasid rule.
Battle of Ayn Jalut in Syria.
The Mongols are defeated by
the Mamluks of Egypt;
and the spell of the
invincibility of the Mongols
is broken.
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1266:
The eighth crusade.
The crusaders invade Tunisia.
Failure of the crusade.
1267:
Malik ul Salih establishes the
first Muslim state of
Samudra
Pasai in Indonesia.
The Spaniards invade Morocco.
The Marinids drive away the
Spaniards
from
Morocco.
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1274:
1371:
Ninth crusade under Edward
I of England. The crusade ends
in fiasco and Edward returns
to England.
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Invasion of Bulgaria,
Bulgarian territory up to the
Balkans annexed by the
Turks.
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1446:
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Second battle of Kossova
resulting in the victory of the
Turks. Serbia annexed to
Turkey.
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1453:
1456:
1461:
1462:
Capture of Constantinople
(Istanbul) by the
Ottoman
empire.
Annexation of Serbia by
Ottoman empire.
Annexation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
Annexation of Albania.
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1475:
Annexation of Crimea
(peninsula in southeastern
Ukraine between the Black
Sea and the Sea of Azov).
Turkey became the master
of the Aegean Sea.
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1507:
1511:
1517:
1529:
The Portuguese under
establish strongholds in the
Persian Gulf.
The Portuguese conquer
Malacca from the Muslims.
The Ottomans defeat the
Mamluks and conquer
Egypt.
Unsuccessful Ottoman siege
of Vienna.
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1550:
1550:
1687:
The rise of the Muslim
kingdom of Aceh in Sumatra.
Islam spreads to Java, the
Moluccas, and Borneo.
Defeat of the Turks by
Austria.
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1718:
In the war against Austria,
Turkey suffers defeat. By the
treaty of Passarowich
Turkey loses Hungary.
1797:
Russia occupied Daghestan.
1811:The British occupied
Indonesia.
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1812:
1813:
1827:
Madina fell to Egyptians.
Makkah and Taif captured
by Egyptian forces and
Saudis expelled from
Hijaz.
Malaya became a preserve
of the British according to
Anglo-Netherlands treaty
in 1824.
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1830:
1832:
1857:
French forces occupy Algeria,
ending 313 years rule of
Turks.
Turks defeated in the battle of
Konia by Egyptian forces.
British captured Delhi and
eliminated Mughal rule in India
after 332 years. This was also
the end of 1000 years of
Muslim rule over India.
.
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1859:
1901:
1916:
Imam Shamil defeated
by Russian forces in
Daghestan
French forces occupy
Morocco.
Arab revolt against
Ottoman rule. Lawrence
of Arabia leads attacks
on the Hijaz Railway.
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1918: Syria occupied by France.
1921: Abd Allah bin Husayn was
made King of Transjordan by the British.
1924: The Turkish khilafah is
abolished.
1948: The official establishment of
the Jewish state in Palestine.
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Stages of the process of rise and
fall
1) Gestation (Hijra –the end of
Abu Bakar’s khilafah)
2) Expansion/ Universal Empire
3) Decay (the second half of
khilafa Abbasiyyah)
4) Invasion/ fall
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