Transcript The Spread of Islam

Middle East and Europe - The Caliphate in 750 (293K) "The Caliphate in 750."
From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926. taken from
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html
.
The Prophet is dead
When Muhammad dies in 632, his followers
chose Abu Bakr (uh-BOO BAK uhr) as his
successor.
Title of Caliph (KAY-luhf)
Abu was given this
title that means
“successor to the
Prophet”.
During his rule, he
brought Arabic
tribes together and
expanded Islam's
influence
northward.
Umar (OO-mahr)
In 634 Umar succeeded Abu Bahr as caliph.
He was a strong leader with a well-run
government.
He continued to conquer neighboring territories of
non-Muslims.
Within 25 years of Muhammad's death, the
Muslim Empire had spread to Syria, Persia (Iraq),
and North Africa
Policies of Islam
In the early years, Islam was more tolerant to other
cultures, not requiring them to convert to Islam.
Muslims called Christians and Jews, “people of
the book”.
Muhammad had accepted the Bible and the Torah
as part of God’s teachings.
However non conversion to Islam meant you paid
higher taxes.
Expansion, Expansion, Expansion!
Within 100
years of
Muhammad'
s death,
Muslims had
swept into
part of India,
and even
into islands
of the
Mediterrane
an Sea
The Islamic community divides
The split began
when Umar’s
successor, Uthman
(ooth-MAHN) was
murdered
Uthman was killed
because the rebels
believed he favored
his own clan
The Martyrdom of Uthman In 'Affan The
Third Caliph’
Next in line is Ali
Ali is chosen to succeed
Uthman as Caliph but
Uthman’s relative
Muawiyah (mooh-AHwee-ya) protests.
War breaks out on both
sides.
In 661 A.D. Ali is
assassinated, and
Muawiyah became caliph.
Caliph Ali and His Two Sons" , 1962 ,
wool tapestry, 2m x 1.10m,
by Zeinab Babawi (born 1941)
The Split
Most Muslims
agreed to accept
Muawiyah is
caliph. These
Muslims
eventually became
known as Sunni
(SOOH-nee).
The Kabaa in Mecca
The Empire Continues to Spread
Despite the split, the Empire continues to grow.
In711 A.D. a Berber general named Tariq crossed
into Spain at The Straight of Gibraltar and
conquered Spain quickly.
After crossing the Pyrenees to raid central France,
they were defeated by Charles Martel of the
Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732 A.D. and
eventually withdrew from France.
The Moors continued to rule parts of Spain for
more than 700 years.
The Split
The Sunnis were
followers of the
Sunna, meaning
“way of the Prophet”
or “habitual
practice”.
The Sunnis believed
that agreement
among the Muslim
people should settle
religious matters.
The Shi’ah
Ali’s followers insisted that only descendants of
Muhammad should be caliph.
This group later became known as the Shiah
(Shee-ah).
Less than 10% of the worlds Muslims are Shiah
The Shiah believed that Ali’s descendants called
imams (i-MAHMZ), should decide religious and
worldly matters.
Later that Century…
Later another group within
Islam developed.
Muslim mystics known as
Sufi.
They tried to live simple
lives based on God.
They turned away from
worldly possessions and
success.
Sufi holy men
The Empire changes leadership
The great era of
Arab Muslim rule
expansion lased
until the 1100’s.
After that, the Turks
became the ruling
force in Islam.
Engagements between the Knights and Turks
outside Rhodes - Caoursin 1480
The Turks
The Turks supported
Islamic Law but their
growing power shifted
power away from the
caliph.
A Sultan ruled the
Turks and claimed to
serve the caliph, who
still played an
important symbolic
role
Portrait of Tipu Sultan