Transcript 9. Spread of Islam

Spread of Islam: The Messenger
1. How far did the Islamic Empire
stretch?
2. Why did the Islamic religion spread
so quickly?
3. What building did Christians and
Muslims share?
4. What building did the Muslims
construct in Jerusalem? What is its
significance?
Chapter 11: The Islamic
World
Section 2: The Spread of Islam
Expansion of Islam
• Abu Bakr becomes
successor to
Muhammad
• Caliph- “successor
to the Prophet”
• Unites Arabic tribes
• Expands Islamic
influence northward
Umar
• Succeeds Abu
Bakr as caliph
• Strong leader with
a well-run
government
• Muslim Empire
includes Syria,
Persia, and North
Africa
Arab Policies
• Conquered with war and treaties
• Did not require people to convert
to Islam
–Accepted Christian and Jewish
teachings
–Could choose to accept Islam or pay
extra taxes
–Some who refused to convert were
killed
Continued Expansion
• Within 100 years of Muhammad’s
death, Muslims controlled part of
India and much of North Africa
• Gained control of Mediterranean
islands for trade routes
• By A.D. 711 Muslims had entered
Spain and brought Islam to
Europe
Division in the Islamic Community
• Disagreements about who should be
caliph
• Uthman (successor of Umar) was
murdered; Ali is chosen as successor
• Mu ‘awiyah (relative of Uthman)
accuses Ali of helping the killers
• War breaks out; Mu ‘awiyah
becomes caliph
Sunni
• Muslims who accepted Mu
‘awiyah as caliph
• Followers of the Sunna; “way of
the Prophet”
• Believed that agreement among
the Muslim people should settle
the religious matter
Shi ‘ah (Shiite)
• Insist that descendants of Ali should
be caliph
• Imams - Ali’s descendants – should
decide religious and worldly matters
• The rift deepened when Mu ‘awiyah’s
descendents killed Ali’s son, Husayn
• The division still exists today; only
10% of Muslims are Shi ‘ah
Sufi
•Simple lives centered around
God
•Faith of God was the only
mark of a person’s worth
•Rabi ‘ah al- ‘Adawiyah- first
female Sufi mystic
•Poetry and writings still inspire
Muslims today
Empire Continues to Spread
• Berbers led a Muslim army to
Spain under Tariq
• Crossed between Africa and
Europe- known as Jabal Tariq
(Rock of Gibraltar)
• Became known as the Moors;
ruled Spain for 700 years
The Turks and Islam
• 1100s Arab Muslim expansion
ends and Turks become ruling
force in Islam
• Turkish troops settle around
Baghdad, Iraq to serve the caliph
• Turks loyalty begin to shift to a
sultan: ruled the Turks; claimed
to serve the caliph
The Turks and Islam
• 1000s A.D. Turkish Muslims seized
Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor
• Defeated Byzantines at the Battle of
Manzikert in 1071 A.D.
• 1250s A.D. Turkish Muslim expansion
slowed
–Christians began to capture cities in the
West
–Mongols destroyed Baghdad in the East