Transcript File - Miss Diaz`s Class

The Crusades (COPY ALL)
“A War that Was Won 4 Times And Still Lost”
1095-1291
I. Jerusalem – the Holy Land
1. Judaism, Christianity & Islam.
II. The Crusades
1. Christians wanted to reclaim the land from Islam.
2. Holy War between Christians & Muslims.
3. Results
A. Only the 1st Crusade was successful.
B. Saladin – Muslim ruler who took back the Holy Land.
III. Long Term Effects
1. Expanded contact with the outside world.
A. Increased trade & exploration.
2. Ended feudalism.
3. Increased hatred between religions.
4. Loss of Crusades leads to a loss in the Pope’s power.
The Crusaders
• Different motivations meant that all
social classes participated (pick 3):
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–
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Men tired of hopeless poverty
Adventurers seeking action
Merchants looking for new markets
Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them
laborless
– Sincerely religious individuals wanting to
rescue the land of Christ
– Pope promised people who went would
get automatic salvation
The “Biblical” argument
• Joshua 6:17 "the city and all that is in it shall
be devoted to the Lord for destruction" (6:17).
• Their military plans were based on the Joshua
commands.
• Roman Catholic Church says: “You will be
saved..guaranteed salvation!”
Be wise and discerning.
Read ALL of scripture, not basing
conclusions on just one passage.
Even if the Church says it, go back to God’s
Word and test it—does it line up with
God’s character? Does it line up with what
God has already said/promised?
The First Crusade
• The word “crusade”
comes from the Spanish
cruzade which means
“marked with the cross”
– Crusaders wore red
crosses on their chests
to symbolize their
purpose
The Speech that Started It All
• Byzantine Empire
declining:
• 1095 c.e. Clermont,
France, Pope Urban II:
“Enter upon the road to
the Holy Sepulcher;
wrest that land from
the wicked race, and
subject it to
yourselves…”
Why was Jerusalem (Holy Land) important?
The First Crusade: Part 1
• Supposed to go in August
1096 but peasants
couldn’t wait
• Led by Peter the Hermit
and Walter the Penniless
• Result: disorder, hunger,
and chaos.
• They were almost all killed
by a force of Turks at
Nicea.
“Alexius Comnenus, Emperor of
the East, receives Peter the
Hermit at Constantinople, August
1096”
by Gillot Saint-Evre
The First Crusade: Part 2
• The more organized
Crusaders were led by
nobles/knights to
Constantinople.
• Emperor Alexius of
Constantinople gave them
food and bribes in exchange
for a pledge of loyalty.
Duke Godfrey of Bouillon was
among the most brave, pious,
competent, and fanatical of the
First Crusade leaders
The First Crusade: Part 2 (cont)
• Lucky for them, the Muslim
force was divided too.
• Crusader victories: Nicea on
June 19, 1097 and Antioch
on June 3, 1098
• By June 7, 1099, after a
three year campaign,
12,000 of the original
30,000 Crusaders reached
Jerusalem.
Siege of Antioch
The First Crusade: Part 2 (cont.)
• On July 15 the
Crusaders went over
the city walls and
massacred the city.
– Blood reportedly ran
knee-deep
– 70,000 Muslims were
slaughtered
– Jews were herded into a
synagogue and burned
alive
The First Crusade Results
• Too hard to rule Jerusalem
• Divided again into pieces of land
(fiefs), nobles got the land,
meaning that the former owners
became serfs.
• Had to give up Med. sea ports to
Italian city-states to get
protection from their navy.
• (Everyone loses.)
Godfrey served as the
first ruler of Jerusalem
Muslim Counterattack
• Most Crusaders went back to
Europe after freeing Jerusalem,
meaning less ppl to defend the
city.
• Muslim refugees retreat to
Baghdad
• In 1144, Muslims gain control
again of the Christian’s easternmost outpost.
• This caused the Second Crusade.
The Second Crusade
• St. Bernard asked Pope
Eugenius II to call for another
Crusade, but Eugenius begged
Bernard to do it himself
• Bernard persuaded King Louis
VII of France and then Emperor
Conrad III of Germany to
accept the Crusade.
• At Easter 1147 the Germans
set out and the French
followed at Pentecost
Conrad approaching
Constantinople
The Second Crusade
• This time the Muslims were ready
• At Dorylaeum, the Germans were defeated so badly that barely one in ten
Christians survived
• At Attalia, nearly every Frenchman was slaughtered
• Eventually the Crusaders joined forces and lay siege to Damascus, but were
soundly defeated
The Second Crusade
• News of the defeat of the Second
Crusade shocked Europe
– How could God allow them to be so
humiliated by their enemies?
– St. Bernard explained that the defeat
must be punishment for sins.
– Not as many people were interested
in fighting anymore
• While the Latin kingdom of
Jerusalem continued to have
divided leadership, Muslims were
uniting and becoming stronger.
Saladin
• In 1175, Saladin brought Egypt
and Muslim Syria under one rule
• In 1185, he signed a four-year
truce with the Latin kingdom but
the Christians violated it by
attacking a Muslim caravan and
capturing Saladin’s sister
• He declared a holy war against
the Christians and captured
Jerusalem in 1187
– His terms were much more
generous than those of the
Crusaders in 1099
Saladin: one of the few
Crusade personalities generally
described favorably by both
Eastern and Western sources
The Third Crusade
• William, Archbishop of
Tyre, returned to
Europe to call for a
Crusade
• Frederick Barbarossa of
Germany set out with
his army in 1189 but
had little success
“March of the Crusaders” by
George Inness
The Third Crusade
• Richard I the Lion Heart of
England and Philip Augustus, of
France team up so there isn’t
war between their countries.
• The Christians captured city
Acre and a sick Philip Augustus
returned to France, leaving
Richard alone and in charge of
the Third Crusade
• Still Richard would face
divisions as the German troops
went AWOL and French troops
didn’t follow orders.
The Third Crusade: Love your Enemies
• Richard and Saladin started a “unique campaign in which
blows and battles alternated with compliments and
courtesies”
– (Durant, 599)
•
•
•
•
The two executed enemy prisoners they held
Richard proposed his sister marry Saladin’s brother
They signed peace treaties then rejected them
Richard gave knighthood to the son of a Muslim
ambassador
• Richard got sick and Saladin sent him his own physician
and some fruit
• Saladin saw Richard unmounted in battle and sent him a
horse
The Third Crusade
• In the end Richard and Saladin
signed a peace treaty for three
years beginning Sept 2, 1192
– Richard would keep the coastal
cities he had captured from Acre to
Jaffa
– Muslims and Christians could pass
freely into and from each other’s
territory
– Pilgrims would be protected in
Jerusalem
– But… Jerusalem would remain in
Muslim hands
The Third Crusade
• Richard had possessed superior brilliance, courage, and
knowledge of the military art, but Saladin’s self-restraint,
patience, and justice had carried the day.
• The relative unity and loyalty of the Muslims had once again
triumphed over the Christians’ divisions and unfaithfulness.
The Fourth Crusade
• Acre was free but Jerusalem was still
in Muslim hands
• Trouble in Europe: France v. England
• But Saladin dies, Muslim Empire falls
apart
• New Investors:
-Venice will pay Crusade costs if they
capture the port of Zara.
– Zara belonged to Hungary and
was stiff competition to Venice’s
maritime trade
– Pope Innocent III didn’t want the
Crusades, but ppl did
– The Fourth Crusade would be
marked by GREED
The Fourth Crusade
• Temptation to capture rich
Constantinople and restore
it to the Western Church
So they did..
• In 1204 the Crusaders
captured and looted
Constantinople
The Fourth Crusade
• The Byzantine Empire was divided into feudal lands,
each ruled by a Latin noble
• Most Crusaders returned home, perhaps thinking
that by securing Constantinople they now had a
stronger base against the Moslems
• The Byzantine Empire never recovered and the Latin
capture of Constantinople served to prepare it for
capture by the Turks two centuries later
Collapse of the Crusades
• The scandal of the Fourth
Crusade and the failure of
the Third = even less
people want to fight.
• But half-hearted efforts
would continue until 1291
• In 1291, the Muslims
seized Acre (Israel)
• Tyre, Sidon, Haifa, and
Beirut fell soon afterward
Among the ineffective latter crusades
was the “Children’s Crusade” of 1212 in
which thousands of children ended up
drowning or being sold into slavery
A New Concept of War
• Augustine’s Just War Theory
– If waged with the support of
the government
– If defending life and property
– Must have restrained conduct
with regard to the enemy,
non-combatants, and
prisoners
• The Crusades
– At request of the Pope, but
under the control of kings
– Defense of the faith
– No restraint in dealing with
the enemy
• The Crusades was justified
based on the Biblical
accounts of the conquest of
Canaan by Joshua
Why?
• Jesus: Blessed are the peacemakers..
• Love your enemies, pray for those who persecute
you.
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•
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BUT Man is fallen and we still sin.
Pray that you do not fall into temptation.
Be wise and discerning.
Know that “people will recognize you are Christ’s
disciples by your LOVE for one another”
Why are wars fought today?
• Check the motivations:
-wealth?
-political power?
-disagreements that “can’t be resolved”?
-lack of understanding?
What do you want to be recognized for?
Long Term Effect #1:
• Interaction between Western Europe and
Muslims in Middle East- Cultural Diffusion
Long Term effect #2:
• Increased trade between Europe and Middle
East
Long Term effect #3:
• Italians act as middlemen in the trade
between W. Europe and Middle East- they
become wealthy- leads to renaissance
Long Term effect #4:
• Legacy (long term effect) of distrust and
hatred between Christians, Jews and Muslims
• http://www.worldwatchlist.us/
• Notice where there is extreme persecution?
• Using the word “crusade” is a bitter topic
among many people.
Long Term effect #5:
• Growth of towns and cities along crusader
routes; weakening of feudal system
Powerpoint adapted from:
http://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/powerpointscrusades.html