Transcript slides - www3.telus.net

1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for
new Crusade
Fourth Crusade
1202 Crusaders gather at Venice
1204 Crusaders take Constantinople, set up
Latin Empire there (until 1261)
Map Link: Fourth Crusade:
<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H1RtD269aNQ/TiNDMh-mZSI/
AAAAAAAAAB0/tilkVb3Bvn8/s1600/Map+of+the+
fourth+crusade.gif>
1218 Forces of Fifth Crusade attack Egypt,
take Damietta (in 1219)
1221 Muslims defeat Crusaders
Al-Kamil (r. 1218-38)
Map Link: Fifth Crusade:
<http://domin.dom.edu/faculty/dperry/hist267crusade/calendar/
13thcentury/images/nile.jpg>
1215 Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor,
1215-50), takes crusading vow, but
delays and is excommunicated
1226 Al-Kamil contacts Frederick
1228 Frederick arrives in Holy Land
Feb 1229 Frederick II negotiates the handover
of Jerusalem with al-Kamil
Dome of the Rock
Aqsa Mosque
17/3/1229 Frederick II crowns self king in
Jerusalem
1244 Turks take Jerusalem
Map Link: Frederick II’s Crusade (shaded areas):
<http://www.studenthandouts.com/photo_gallery/
Maps/MiddleAges-2.jpg>
June 1249 Louis IX of France (r. 1226-70)
takes Damietta. Al-Salih (r. 1240-9) dies,
but wife Shajar al-Durr conceals his death
Feb 1250 Muslims defeat Crusaders, capture
Louis IX and temporarily hold him prisoner
May 1250 Mamluk takeover in Egypt (rule
until 1517)
1260 Mamluks complete conquest of Syria
Map Links:
Louis IX in Egypt:
<http://domin.dom.edu/faculty/dperry/hist267crusade/calendar/
13thcentury/louis/images/map-louis.jpg>
The Mamluk Takeover:
<https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/
uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20Mamluks%20sieze%20
power%20-%20base.pdf>
1268 Mamluks take Antioch
1289 Mamluks take Tripoli
1291 Mamluks take Acre
Map Link: Mamluk Sultanate (after Conquests):
<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_NfsdvUxYGkI/SlYDtsdM_FI/
AAAAAAAANgE/A4kTQM7MgAg/s400/Mamluks.JPG>
Criticism of crusading:
Innocent III directing Crusades against
pagans, heretics (incl. Albigensians,
1209-29), but also political opponents
Alternatives: Children’s Crusade (1212),
Shepherds’ Crusade (1251)
Blame of military orders
Objections to taxation (e.g. Saladin Tithe)
Attempts at conversion; e.g. 1219 St Francis
of Assisi (1182-1226) preaches to
al-Kamil
Impact of the Crusades:
On bureaucracies
On women
On Jews
On trade and exploration
On the Muslim world
St John Ambulance Foundation
Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem
Knights Hospitaller
22nd July 2011 Anders Behring Breivik kills
77 people in Norway in name of “Knights
Templar Europe”
George W. Bush: “This crusade, this war on
terrorism is going to take a while.”
(16th Sept 2001)
19th c. First histories of Crusades in
Middle East
Usama ibn Ladin (Osama bin Laden,
d. 2011)
800 Coronation of Charlemagne (r. 768-814)
as Roman Emperor. Byzantines forfeiting
right to title of Roman emperor because…
In 800, woman on Byzantine throne
Civil wars and usurpations
Impiety/non-Catholicity of Byzantine
Emperors
Constantinople
12th c. General acceptance of need for emperor
to be crowned by pope, and that German
king had right to position of Holy Roman
Emperor
Elective principle within group of royal families
“Electoral College”: Archbishops of Cologne,
Mainz, Trier; King of Bohemia; Count
Palatine of Rhine; Duke of Saxony;
Margrave of Brandenburg
Coronation by pope:
Could be refused, or pope could depose
emperor
Innocent III: claim of papal right to settle
disputed elections and rule empire if
throne vacant
Divine right of kings
Constraints on royal power:
1. Question of succession: influence of
nobility
2. Constraints of the church
3. Influence of divine law:
Lk 22: 38: “two swords”
4. Influence of the law: natural, customary
and canon law
Church as alternative model:
1. Blend of monarchy/elective system
2. Widespread use of elective principle
3. Paper-based bureaucracy
11th c. Towns seeking greater independence
Increased self-rule, freedom from
servile obligations
Paying rent rather than service
Security from seizure of property
12th c. Growth of communes, leagues, guilds:
electing officials, conducting own legal
affairs
1140s Attempt to revive Roman Republic in
Rome
1155 Collapse of revolt in Rome
Spread of city-states
Increasing influence of administrative
and military institutions in running
states
Decreased role of women
Robert of Clari (c. 1180-after 1216)
Poor knight on Fourth Crusade - eyewitness
Aims to instruct
Generally regarded as critical of leaders
of the Crusade
Nicetas Choniates
(btw. 1155 and 1160-c. 1217)
Byzantine statesman and historian
Studied in Constantinople. Reached high rank
in state administration
Emigrated to Nicea after Fourth Crusade
Nicetas Choniates
(btw. 1155 and 1160-c. 1217)
Chronike Diegesis (chronicle covering
1118-1207)
Eyewitness account, but with strong bias
(of course)
Guibert of Nogent (1055-c. 1125)
Noble origins, trained as monk from
adolescence
1104 Becomes abbot of Nogent-sous-Coucy
Dei Gesta per Francos
Autobiography
Huguccio and Alanus
Huguccio of Pisa (d. 1210): Studied and
taught canon law at Bologna. Became
abbot of Ferrara in 1190
Alanus: Englishman. Taught law at Bologna
in early 13th c.
Both commenting on the Decretum of
Gratian (d. before 1159)