Transcript Crusades
The High Middle Ages Section 1 The High Middle Ages Section 1 The High Middle Ages Section 1 The High Middle Ages Section 1 The Crusades Main Idea The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain Christian control of the Holy Land, had a profound economic, political, and social impact on the societies involved. Reading Focus • Why did the Europeans launch the Crusades? • What happened during the Crusades? • What were the effects of the Crusades? Section 1 The High Middle Ages Launching the Crusades Goal of Crusades Muslims Control Holy Land • European Christians launched series of religious wars, Crusades, in Middle Ages • Jerusalem in control of North African Muslims, Fatimids, late 1000s • Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land, away from Muslims • Turkish Muslims took control of Persia, other lands, persecuted Christians visiting region • Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of Jews, also where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again • Vital to Christians to control city • Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army, 1071 • Emperor turned to Western Europe, Pope Urban II, for help The High Middle Ages Section 1 The Council of Clermont Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in Clermont, France • Described dangers faced by Byzantines • Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences, fight against Turks – Effective call to arms – Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusades The High Middle Ages Section 1 Who answered call? • For knights, this was a chance to use their fighting skills, something they enjoyed and did well. They were delighted to have such a worthy battle to fight. • For peasants, this was a chance to escape from their dreary life in the feudal system. The pope promised that if they died while fighting a holy crusade, they would automatically be welcomed into heaven. • For others, it was a chance to have an adventure, and perhaps even to get rich. The High Middle Ages • Each crusader had a huge red cross, made out of fabric, stitched onto their shirts or armor. • It made all crusaders, irrespective of rank or background, appear to be a unified army. • It reminded the crusaders that they were fighting a holy cause. The red cross was added to flags and banners Section 1 The Red Cross: The High Middle Ages Section 1 Crusaders • Most were French, but Bohemians, Germans, Englishmen, Scots, Italians and Spaniards • Very ill-prepared for war • Knew nothing about the geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land • No Grand strategy to capture Jerusalem The High Middle Ages Section 1 The Result • After about two years of harsh traveling, hunger, disease, freezing weather, and quarrels amongst themselves, the 12,000 crusaders (less than 1/4th of the original finally arrived in Jerusalem. • After a two-month siege of the city, the city fell. The crusaders had won back Jerusalem on July 15, 1099. • Some men stayed. Some headed home. • Those who returned brought back new foods and new forms of culture. The High Middle Ages Section 1 They won! • A narrow strip of land • Stretched about 650 miles from Edessa in the north to Jerusalem in the south. • Four feudal Crusader states were carved out of this territory, each ruled by a European ruler The High Middle Ages Section 1 Second Crusade • Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade • Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144 • European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147 to recapture city • Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims The High Middle Ages Section 1 The High Middle Ages Section 1 Queen Eleanor • Rumors she recruited people while riding on a white horse. • Her and 300 females decided to travel along on the Crusades. • This was criticized by observers of trip. • They dressed in armor and carrying lances, the women never fought. • When she reached the city of Antioch, she rejoined with her uncle Raymond. The High Middle Ages Section 1 • She decided to side with Raymond view about how to fight the crusade. • He thought that the best strategic objective of the Crusade would be to recapture Edessa, thus protecting the Western presence in the Holy Land • Louis only wanted to reach Jerusalem, which wasn’t a good idea. • Louis demanded that Eleanor follow him to Jerusalem. • Eleanor, furious, announced to one and all that their marriage was not valid in the eyes of God, for they were related through some family connections to an extent prohibited by the Church. • Louis nonetheless forced Eleanor to honor her marriage vows and ride with him by arresting her. • The expedition did fail, and a defeated Eleanor and Louis returned to France on separate ships. The High Middle Ages Section 1 Third Crusade • New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177 • Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin • Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan • Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded, drove European Christians out of Jerusalem Section 1 The High Middle Ages Saladin • Was the most famous Muslim of the 1100s • His own people considered him a most devout man • Even Christians regarded him as honest and brave. • Just wanted crusaders to go back into their territories Section 1 The High Middle Ages He said: “I think that when God grants me victory over the rest of Palestine, I shall divided my territories, make a will stating my wishes, then set sail on this sea for their far-off lands and pursue the Franks there, so as to free the earth from anyone who does not believe in Allah, or die in the attempt. The High Middle Ages Section 1 We three kings: Three of Europe’s most power monarchs led the third crusade: 1. Philip II (Augustus) of France 2. Frederick I (Barbarossa) of Germany 3. Richard the Lion-Hearted of England • Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home • Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land The High Middle Ages Section 1 • Mutual Respect – Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen – Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences • Fierce Fighting – Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land – Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land – Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England – Two agreed to a truce, Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit. Section 1 The High Middle Ages Effects of the Crusades Economic Changes • Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to Crusades • Crusades enhanced existing trade • Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe • Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages Political Changes Social Changes • Crusades led to deaths of many knights, nobles • Lands left vulnerable • Other ambitious nobles took control of unoccupied lands • Nobles then had more power, influence in Europe • Some Europeans respected other cultures, others intolerant • Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews • Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders • Relations strained for centuries The High Middle Ages Section 1