Transcript The Crusades!

The Crusades!
Holy Wars or
Barbarous Blasphemy?
What were the Crusades
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The Crusades were a series of several
military campaigns—usually sanctioned by
the Papacy—that took place during the
11th through 13th centuries. Originally,
they were Roman Catholic Holy Wars to
recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land
from the Muslims, but some were directed
against other Europeans…
wikipedia.com
Crusade Factoids
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There were 9+ crusades (depending how
you count them)
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The spark: Conquest of Byzantium by
Seljurk Turks and Pope’s response.
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Holy war against Muslim Moors had
already began in Spain for over 100 yrs.
WHY?
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In 1071 at Manzikert, the shock that launched
the Crusade, would have destroyed us-but for
the Crusade. Constantinople would have fallen;
all Europe would have been involved-but under
that stimulus the West moved. Gual and the
Rhine, Normandy, Flanders, Aquiaine, Lorraine
armed, faced East, and went forward.
The issue was the life or death of Christendom.
-Hilaire Belloc
Role of the Pope
In the year 1095 Pope Urban II promoted the First
Crusade, preached by Peter the Hermit. The
purpose of the Crusade was to take back the
Holy City of Jerusalem, where Islam had
desecrated the Holy Sepulcher of the Lord. After
hearing the preachings of the Pontiff, the Faithful
responded:
"Dieux Le Volt!" Meaning, God Wills it!
What would Jesus do?
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We believe that the Greeks have been punished through [the
Crusades] by the just judgement of God: these Greeks who have
striven to rend the Seamless Robe of Jesus Christ ... Those who
would not join Noah in his ark perished justly in the deluge; and
these have justly suffered famine and hunger who would not receive
as their shepherd the blessed Peter, Prince of the Apostles.
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-- Pope Innocent III, to the Greek (Byzantine) Emperor, after
sending a group of crusaders to Constantinople in 1204 in humble
obedience to the edict of Christ in Luke 19:27: "But those mine
enemies, which would not that I should reign over them, bring
hither, and slay them before me" (the chronicler Geoffrey
Villehardouin said that never since the creation of the world had so
much booty been taken from a city),
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in G. G. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty (1969), p. 164-5, quoted
from Helen Ellerbe, The Dark Side of Christian History
Time Line of major events:
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1095 Pope Urban II preaches 1st Crus.
1099 Euros take Jerusalem
1169 Saladin controls Egypt, take Damascus ’74
1187 Saladin takes Jerusalem
1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople
1244 European forces lose Jerusalem for last time
1248 Louis IV invades Egypt
1258 Mongols sack Baghdad
1291 Sultan Khalil takes last Frankish state in Palestine
– end of Crusades.
http://www.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades/timeline/timeline3.html
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
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1009, when the Fatimid caliph of Cairo, alHakim bi-Amr Allah, had the Church of the
Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem destroyed.
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Seljuk Turks later took Syria (including
Jerusalem) from the Fatimids.
Saladin
Saladin was born into a Kurdish
family in Tikrit and was sent to
Damascus to finish his education.
His father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub,
was governor of Baalbek.
In Damascus, Saladin lived for ten
years at the court of Nur ad-Din
(Nureddin).
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Occupied Fatimid Egypt, became
Sultan. Broke away from Abbs. and
Seljuks and founded own Dynasty.
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Crusades (1095-1291)
Estimated totals:
Individual Events:
Davies: Crusaders killed up to 8,000 Jews in Rhineland
Paul Johnson A History of the Jews (1987): 1,000 Jewish women in Rhineland
comm. suicide to avoid the mob, 1096.
Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, v.5, 6
1st Crusade: 300,000 Eur. k at Battle of Nice [Nicea].
Crusaders vs. Solimon of Roum: 4,000 Christians, 3,000 Moslems
1098, Fall of Antioch: 100,000 Moslems massacred.
50,000 Pilgrims died of disease.
1099, Fall of Jerusalem: 70,000 Moslems massacred.
Siege of Tiberias: 30,000 Christians k.
Siege of Tyre: 1,000 Turks
Richard the Lionhearted executes 3,000 Moslem POWs.
1291: 100,000 Christians k after fall of Acre.
Fall of Christian Antioch: 17,000 massacred.
[TOTAL: 677,000 listed in these episodes here.]
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm
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James Trager, The People's Chronology (1992)
1099: Crusaders slaughter 40,000 inhabs of
Jerusalem. Dis/starv reduced Crusaders from
300,000 to 60,000.
1147: 2nd Crusades begins with 500,000. "Most"
lost to starv./disease/battle.
1190: 500 Jews massacred in York.
1192: 3rd Crusade reduced from 100,000 to
5,000 through famine, plagues and desertions in
campaign vs Antioch.
1212: Children's Crusade loses some 50,000.
[TOTAL: Just in these incidents, it appears the
Europeans lost around 650,000.] ABOUT 1.5 mill
total.