Transcript Ch 14 Formation of Western Europe

Ch 14 Formation of Western
Europe
800-1500
Church Reform and the
Crusades
Sec 1
What was the economic
system of the feudal system?
The Crusades
• Crusade- holy war
• In 1093, Pope Urban II issued a call to
Christians to take back the holy land from
the Muslims that were threatening the
Byzantine Empire
Causes of the Crusades
• Eliminate the Muslim threat to
Constantinople and Christian holy sites
• Reunite the eastern and western half of
the Church
• Get rid of the knights who were fighting all
the time
• Promote business
First and Second Crusade
• The First Crusade left Constantinople in
1097
• It was successful but fell back to the
Muslims in 1144
• The Second Crusade attempted to take
back Jerusalem but failed
Third Crusade
• Third Crusade- holy war led by Richard
the Lionheart against Saladin
• After years of fighting the Third Crusade
ends in a truce with Jerusalem in Muslim
control but Christians are allowed to freely
visit
Crusading Dwindles
• After the failure of six different Crusades
during the 1200s, the religious spirit of the
First Crusade gradually faded and the
search for personal gain grew
Children’s Crusade
• The Children’s Crusade took place in
1212, when 30,000 children under 18 set
out to conquer Jerusalem
• They were armed only with the belief that
God would give them Jerusalem
• Those that didn’t die on the journey were
sold into slavery
Reconquista
• Reconquista- effort
by the Spanish to
drive the Muslims out
of Spain, finally
accomplished in 1492
Inquistion
• Inquisition- court held by the Church to
suppress heresy
• Heretics- people whose religious beliefs
were different from that of the Church
(Jews, Muslims)
• Under threat of torture, many Jews and
Muslims in Spain converted
• She's a witch!
Effects of the Crusades
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Expansion of trade
Weakened the power of the Pope
Thousands of people lost their lives
Fall of Constantinople weakened the
Byzantine Empire
• Bitterness and hatred between Muslims
and Christians
Changes in Medieval Society
Sec 2
Changes in Society
• Between 1000-1300, agriculture, trade,
and finance made significant advances
• Cultural interaction with the Muslim and
Byzantine Empire sparked the growth of
learning
Growing Food Supply
• Europe’s revival would have been
impossible without improvements in
farming
• A warmer climate and new farming
techniques such as the use of horses
helped to increase production
Three-Field System
• Three-field System- farming technique
where farmers plant 2 fields and leave one
fallow (unplanted) every year
• This new technique increased food
supplies and caused people to live longer
Guilds
• Guilds- organizations of individuals in the
same business or occupation working to
improve the economic and social
conditions of its members
• Merchants banded together to control the
number of goods being traded to keep
prices up
• Guilds set standards for quality of work,
wages, and working conditions
Effects of Guilds
• Guilds brought more and better products
to people all over Europe
Commercial Revolution
• Commercial Revolution- expansion of
trade and business that transformed
economics in the 16th and 17th centuries
• During the Commercial Revolution more
goods from foreign lands became
available as trade routes spread
• Business and banking increased as
merchants began to look for more profits
Effects of the Commercial
Revolution
• End of the feudal system- serfs move to
towns for paid work
• More money available to create new
businesses
• Increased in tax revenues increased the
power and wealth of kings
Urban Life
• From 1100-1150 the population of Europe
increased from 30 million to 42 million
• There were not many large cities in
Europe but small towns flourished
What was life like in a
medieval town?
Medieval Towns
• Medieval towns were exciting and
bustling but they had some drawbacks
• Streets were narrow and filled with
animals and their waste
• With no sewers, people dumped
household and human waste onto the
streets in front of the house
• Most people never bathed
Revival of Learning
• Contact with the Muslims and Byzantines
during the Crusades brought about a new
interest in learning
• Through this contact, the work of Greek
philosophers was rediscovered in Europe
• During this time the first universities
arose in Europe
England and France Develop
Sec 3
Early Nations
• The earliest nations in Europe to develop
a strong unified government were
England and France
Foundations of Government
• English King Henry II ruled from 1154 to 1189
• He strengthened the royal courts by sending
judges to every part of England
• Henry II also introduced trial by jury, where 12
neighbors of the accused would answer
questions from the judge
• Over the centuries the rulings of royal judges
formed a unified body of law known as common
law
Magna Carta
• After the death of Richard the Lionhearted
his brother John took the throne
• John was cruel to his subjects and tried to
squeeze as much money out of them as
possible
• The nobles revolted and on June 15, 1215
they forced John to agree to the Magna
Carta
Magna Carta
• The Magna Carta guarantees certain basic
political rights
• The Magna Carta guaranteed what are
now considered basic legal rights in
England and the United States
Parliament
• In 1295, King Edward I summoned two
burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from
every borough and two knights from every
county to serve as a parliament, or legislative
group
• This is now called the model parliament because
later kings followed the same model
• As time went on parliament became stronger
and acted as a check on royal power
• Roundabout
Formation of France
• Hugh Capet was undistinguished duke
that ruled a small kingdom in the middle of
France
• Capet was not powerful but his territory
included Paris
• Over time power of the Capetian kings
spread from Paris as the city became
more important to trade
French Government
• In France, Church leaders were known as the
First Estate and the great lords as the Second
Estate
• Under King Philip IV commoners were allowed
to join the meetings and became the Third
Estate
• The whole meeting became known as the
Estates General
• Unlike Parliament the Estates General never
was able to limit the kings power but the Third
Estate played an important role in the French
Revolution
Beginnings of Democracy
• England and France were just beginning
to establish a democratic tradition
• The tradition rested on setting up a
centralized government that would be
able to govern widespread lands
The Hundred Years’ War and
the Plague
Sec 4
The Plague Strikes
• During the 1300s, an epidemic struck
parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe
• About 1/3 of the population of Europe died
of the deadly disease known as the
bubonic plague
• The plague was so terrifying that it would
rip apart the fabric of society
Origins of the Plague
• The plague began in Asia
• Through trade routes it infected parts of Asia,
the Muslim world, and Europe
• In 1347, a fleet of Genoese merchant ships
arrived in Sicily carrying the bubonic plague
• From there it swept through Italy and followed
trade routes to Spain, France, Germany,
England and other parts of Europe and North
Africa
Spread of the Plague
• In about 4 years the plague reached every
corner of Europe
• While some communities were unharmed
others lost 2/3s to 3/4s of their population
• About 25 million Europeans died
• Bring out your dead!
What were the effects of the
plague?
Effects of the Plague
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Town populations fell
Trade declined, prices rose
Shortage of labor
Peasant revolt caused by demand for
higher wages
• Jews were blamed for bringing the plague
and persecuted
• Decline of Church power
The Hundred Years’ War
• At the same time as the plague, England
and France were constantly at war with
each other
• In 1337, England’s Edward III launched a
war for control of France that would last
until 1453 that became known as the
Hundred Years’ War
Effects of the Hundred Years’ War
• The Hundred Years’ war changed warfare
in Europe
• The use of the longbow marked the end
of chivalry
• Use of the longbow in battle negated the
power of knights
• England was driven from France
• End of the Middle Ages
Joan of Arc
• Joan of Arc- French teenage peasant girl
who led French forces to victory at the
siege of Orleans in 1429
• Joan was eventually captured by English
forces and turned over to the Church
• On May 30, 1431, she was burned at the
stake for being a heretic