Transcript Medieval Power Point homework 2/3

The Rise of Kingdoms
and the
Growth of Church Power
I.
A.
The Emergence & Growth of
European Kingdoms, 1000 – 1300
Kings
Theory
Practice
Expansion of royal
power in the High
Middle Ages
II.
England in the High Middle
Ages
A. William of
Normandy (1066
– 1087)
Battle of Hastings
(1066)
Fusion of Normans
and Anglo-Saxons
Involvement in
France
End of
Subinfeudation
Doomsday Book
B. Henry II (1154 – 1189)
Plantagenet dynasty
Royal courts
Common law
The church
Thomas Becket
(Archbishop of
Canterbury)
C. King John (1199 – 1216)
Loses in France
Character flaws
High taxation
Magna Carta
D. Edward I (1272 – 1307)
Scotland
Model
Parliament
Effects of
Parliament
II.
The Growth of the French
Kingdom
A. The Capetian
Dynasty
Little real power
Royal domain
limited to the Île
de France
B.
Philip II Augustus (1180 –
1223)
War against the
English
French
bureaucracy
C.
Louis IX (1226 – 1270)
“Saint Louis”
Justice
Participates in
Crusades
D.
Philip IV the Fair (1285 –
1314)
Royal
administration
Council for advice
Chamber of Accounts
(finances)
Parlement (royal court)
Estates-General
(French parliament)
Map 10.1: England and France in the
High Middle Ages
III. Christian Reconquest:
The Spanish Kingdoms
A. Cordova
B. Reconquista (1000 –
1492)
Castile
Navarre
Aragón
Portugal
Repartimiento
Fueros
C. Alfonso X (1252 –
1284)
Map 10.2: Christian Reconquests in
the Western Mediterranean
IV. The Lands of the Holy Roman
Empire: Germany and Italy
A. Salian Kings
B. German
Nobility
C. Involvement in
Italy
The Norman kingdom
in southern Italy
Northern kingdoms
rich.
D. Frederick I Barbarossa (1152
– 1190)
Attempts to
conquer northern
Italy
Pope and Italian cities
oppose him
Battle of Legnano
(1176)
E. Frederick II (1212 – 1250)
King of Sicily,
Germany, and Holy
Roman Emperor
Preoccupied with Italy
Germany left in
confusion and chaos
Rudolf of Hapsburg
(1273)
Emergence of Italian
city states
Map 10.3: The Lands of the Holy Roman
Empire in the Twelfth Century
V. New Kingdoms in Northern
and Eastern Europe
A. Scandinavia
B. Hungary
C. Poland
Germans and Slavs
Teutonic Knights
Teutonic Knight Castle at Marienburg
VI. Medieval Mongols & Russians
A. The Mongol
Empire
1.
2.
3.
4.
Temuchin – Genghis
Khan (c. 1162 –
1227)
Khubilai Khan
Advances against the
Muslim world
Advances against
Europe
B. The Development of Russia
1. Kiev – Rus
•
Boyars
2. The church
3. Mongol invasion
4. Alexander Nevsky
(c. 1220 – 1263)
Map 10.4: Northern and Eastern
Europe
VII. The Recovery and Reform
of the Catholic Church
A. The Problems of
Decline
Worldly bishops
and abbots
Monastic decline
B.
The Cluniac Reform
Movement
1. Cluny founded by
Duke William of
Aquitaine (910)
2. Reform movement
spreads
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reform of the Papacy
Simony
Nicholaism
Gregory the Great
Innocent III
-Excommunication
of King John
- Interdict on
England
IX. New Religious Orders and
Spiritual Ideals
A. The Cistercian
Order
Saint Bernard of
Clairvaux (1090 –
1153)
Anti-Cluny
C.
The Franciscans: Saint Francis of
Assisi (1182 – 1226)
1. Born in a wealthy
family
2. life of poverty
3. Pope Innocent III
4. Robert Grosseteste
Poor Clares
the stigmata.
D.
The Dominicans
1. Dominic de
Guzmán (1170 –
1221)
2. Very well
educated
3. Albertus Magnus
4. Thomas Aquinas
X.
Popular Religion in the High
Middle Ages
Sacraments
Saints
The Virgin Mary
Relics
Indulgences
Pilgrimages
The reliquary containing the
blood of St. Januarius
Map 10.6: Pilgrimage Routes in the
Middle Ages
XI. Voices of Protest and
Intolerance
A. Heresy
1. Catharism
• Dualist System
• Catholic Church
was evil according
to their views
2. Albigensian
Crusade (began in
1209)
3. The Holy Office
(Papal Inquisition)
B.
Persecution of the Jews
1. Money lending
2. The Crusades
3. Fourth Lateran Council
(1215)
4. Expulsion
1.
2.
3.
Edward I (Eng) 1290
Philip IV (Fr) 1306
Poland (welcomed
them)
C.
Intolerance and
Homosexuality
1. Associated with
other minority
groups
2. Thomas Aquinas
and the “sin
against nature”
3. Punishment
Islam
Islam – “submitting to God.” – a Muslim is
‘one who submits to and finds peace in
God.’
Key teaching of Islam = found in the
Shahadah:
There is no God but God and Muhammad
is the messenger of God.
Islam begins in Arabia:
Around the time of the birth of Muhammad,
Arabia had a trade-based economy.
The main form of religious practice was:
• Idolatry ---- a polytheistic belief system in which
objects, usually in the form of paintings or
sculptures, are worshipped. The idols are
representations of different divine aspects.
• The Ka’bah – a cube-shaped building in Makkah
was full of idols at the time of Muhammad’s birth.
Muhammad (570-632 CE)
Born in Makkah – raised by his uncle after the death of his
parents --- His tribe = Quraysh
From a young age he demonstrated a preference for
monotheism and a disdain for idolatry.
Married Khadijah at the age of 20 --- managed his wife’s
considerable business affairs.
Ramadan, 610 CE --- while meditating on Mount Hira --Muhammad received a revelation from God through the
Angel Gabriel.
Read in the name of your Lord who created,
Created man out of an embryo;
Read, for your Lord is most beneficent,
Who taught by the pen,
Taught man what he did not know.
The revelation was the first of many that
Muhammad received over a 23 year period.
Muhammad was profoundly changed by the
revelation experience. He began preaching
around Makkah. His main message:
 One God = Allah
 Therefore people should reject idolatry
The Makkans rejected Muhammad’s
teaching and he left for Madinah in 622 CE.
This event is called the hijrah = migration.
Before Muhammad left for Madinah, he
underwent a profound spiritual experience.
Within a short period of time, Muhammad was
able to use the message of Islam to bring peace to
Madinah.
Meanwhile, to the south, the Makkans grew
concerned about the growing appeal of Islam.
Three military encounters followed: The Battle of
Badr, Uhud and the Trench.
Soon Muhammad’s teachings were taken into
consideration by both the people of Madinah and
the people of Makkah. The number of Muslim
conversions steadily grew, many in Madinah and
some in Makkah. Eventually, after two smaller
pilgrimages, Muhammad led a group of 10 000
into Makkah in 629. Few opposed Muhammad’s
return or his removal of idols from the Ka’bah.
In 632, Muhammad, accompanied by 140 000
Muslims, made what has come to be known as
‘The Final Pilgrimage.’
The Prophet traveled south from Madinah to
Makkah, stopping at Mount Arafat to deliver his
‘Farewell Sermon.’
In the sermon, Muhammad offered forgiveness to
those who had done wrong in the past, while
summarizing the core elements of Islamic
teaching.
After the pilgrimage, Muhammad returned to
Madinah where he came down with a fever.
While he continued to lead prayers in the mosque
for a short time, it soon became apparent that he
was seriously ill and, a few weeks later in June of
632, he died at the age of 63.
The Early Crusades
1. Pope Urban II (1088 –
1099)
Council of Clermont (1095)
2. Goals
Popes
Knights
Merchants
3. First Crusade (1096 –
1099) – Success!
Captures Antioch (1098)
Captures Jerusalem (1099)
Map 10.7: The Early Crusades
E. Muslims strike back
1. Fall of Edessa
(1144)
2. Second Crusade
(Loss of
Jerusalem)
3. Every crusade
after the first is a
failure
F. Third Crusade (1189 – 1192)
1. Reaction to the fall
of Jerusalem
2. Saladin
3. Led by Frederick I
Barbarossa of
Germany, Richard
the Lionhearted of
England and Philip
Augustus of France
Richard the Lionhearted Executing Muslims at Acre
G. Crusades of the 13th Century
1. Fourth Crusade
(1202 – 1204)
Sack of
Constantinople
Latin Empire of
Constantinople (1204
– 1261)
There were many
crusades after the
fourth (all failures)
H. Effects of the Crusades
1. Little impact on the
Muslim world
2. Impact on European
society
Cultural interaction
Many young
warriors removed
from Europe
Italian cities
benefited
economically
Attacks on Jews
Discussion Questions
How was royal power strengthened in France and England
beginning in the Eleventh Century?
What forces pulled apart the Holy Roman Empire between
the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries?
How was the history of Russia linked to the invasions of
the Mongols?
What role did Cluny play in reforming the Church and the
papacy?
What was the function of the pope in Medieval Europe?
What fed the climate of intolerance in Europe after the
Twelfth Century?
What were the causes of the Crusades?
Were the Crusades a success or a failure? For whom?