Transcript jihad
The Crusaders HIST 1007 10/28/13 The Crusader States A Divided East • Seljuq Empire – Sultans of Hamadan (western Persia) – Sultans of Kerman (southern Persia) – Sultans of Aleppo (northern Syria) – Sultans/Emirs of Damascus (southern Syria) – Sultans of Rum (Anatolia) • Fatimid Empire • Assassins A Divided East • Crusaders – Western Christians in the Levant to fulfill a crusading vow • Franks (Franj) – Western Christians living in the Crusader States • Byzantines • Eastern Christians – – – – – Armenians Melkites Jacobites Maronites Nestorians The Second Crusade (1145-1149) • Imad al-Din Zengi (d. 1146): Seljuq atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul • 1143: Zengi takes Edessa • 1145: Pope Eugene III calls for new Crusade • Kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Holy Roman Empire respond Counter Crusade • Nur al-Din (r. 1146-1174): son of Zengi, inherits rule of Aleppo • What does it mean to be a good Muslim ruler? • Hires religious scholars to write texts on jihad and the benefits of Jerusalem • The righteous ruler is the one who fights the crusaders • Jerusalem is prioritized Minbar of al-Aqsa Mosque Nur al-Din • • • • Spends most of his career fighting fellow Muslims 1154: conquers Damascus 1163-1169: conquest of Fatimid Egypt Shirkuh (d. 1169) – Kurdish general – leads conquest of Egypt – uncle of Salah al-Din • 1171: disbands Fatimid Caliphate Nur al-Din Madrassa, Damascus Salah al-Din (r. 1174-1193) • • • • Known as the insolent in Nur al-Din’s court 1169: de facto ruler of Egypt 1174: Seizes control of Nur al-Din’s domains after his death 1187: Battle of Hattin – Plays the aggressiveness of the crusaders to Muslim advantage – Majority of crusader forces ambushed – Reynald of Chatillon and Guy of Lusingnan • Capture of Jerusalem Third Crusade (1187-1192) • • • • • Response to fall of Jerusalem God’s punishment Richard the Lionheart (England) Phillip II (France) Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire) Richard and Salah al-Din • Models of chivalry • Salah al-Din as the Virtuous Pagan • Negotiated peace – Salah al-Din retains Jerusalem – Christians allowed to make pilgrimage – Crusaders hold onto Levantine coast Richard and Salah al-Din in 14th century manuscript End of the Third Crusade Ayyubid Dynasty (r. 1171-1341) • Preserve Salah al-Din’s Sultanate • Egypt as new economic center • Egypt as new focus of crusade – 1197, 1217, 1229, and 1249 • Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) – Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II – Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil – Jerusalem given to Frederick by way of treaty Frederick II and al-Kamil from 14th century manuscript Memories of the Crusade • Crusades are formative to European history • Muslims didn’t much care… • Why not? • Why do they seem to care so much today? Monument to Salah al-Din, Damascus Crusades and Modern Middle East • European interest in the crusades – Sir Walter Scott, The Talisman, 1825 • Meets 19th century colonialism • 1898: German Emperor Wilhelm II repairs tomb of Salah al-Din • Salah al-Din and anti-colonialism • Salah al-Din and Arab Nationalism Egyptian coat of arms and tomb of Salah al-Din Crusades aren’t a big deal compared to… • The Mamluk Sultanate – r. 1250-1517 – Ayyubid ghulams turned sultans • The Mongols – Steppe nomads organized under Chingis (Genghis) Khan – Ilkhanate (r. 1256-1335) – Timurids (r. 1370-1507) Mamluk Sultan Baybars and Ilkhan Hulagu Khan