Transcript Crusade and Counter

Crusade and Counter-Crusade
HIST 1016
9/29/14
Call to Crusade
• Urban II (r. 1088-1099)
Reform Pope
• Peace and Truce of God
• 1095: Council of Claremont
Urban II calls for armed
pilgrimage to liberate the
Holy Land
• Indulgences offered for
those who join.
Statue of Pope Urban II in Claremont
Don’t Forget: The Investiture
Controversy
The First Crusade (1095-1099)
• People’s (Peasant’s) Crusade
–
–
–
–
Populist movement
Anti-Jewish pogroms
Pillaging
Massacred in Anatolia
• Prince’s Crusade
– Frankish nobility
– Joint leadership with church
– Better organized and better
financed
Crusaders and Byzantium
• Must pass through
Constantinople
• Rivalries
– Alexius I vs. Bohemond I
• Oath of Loyalty
• Return Byzantine territory
• Byzantine military support?
• Siege of Nicaea (May 14 to
June 19, 1097)
Who are these Crusaders?
• Byzantines: These are a lot of mercenaries
• Seljuqs: These aren’t particularly
good mercenaries
(Maybe we can enlist them?)
• Siege of Antioch: Oct. 21, 1097
– June 2, 1098
• Visions and the Holy Lance
• Aug. 26, 1098: Jerusalem
captured by Fatimids
• Villages and towns between
Antioch and Jerusalem interested
in paying tribute
• The Cannibals of Ma’arra
The Fall of Jerusalem
• June 13 – July 15, 1099:
Jerusalem under siege
• Tactically bad choice
– In summer
– With Fatimid army
arriving
– No reliable supply lines
• Fasting, barefoot
processions, visions
• Massacre of residents
(Muslim, Jewish, and Christian)
Establishment of the Crusader States
• County of Edessa
– Adoption of Baldwin I
• Principality of Antioch
– Contest between princes won by Bohemond
• Kingdom of Jerusalem
– King Baldwin I
• County of Tripoli
– Won after fall of
Jerusalem
– Give Raymond IV
land
The Crusader
States
A Divided East
• Seljuq Empire (Sunnis)
– Sultans of Hamadan (western Persia)
– Sultans of Kerman (southern Persia)
– Sultans of Aleppo (northern Syria)
– Sultans/Emirs of Damascus (southern Syria)
– Sultans of Rum (Anatolia)
• Fatimid Empire (Isma`ili Shi’ites)
• Assassins (Nizari Isma`ili Shi’ites)
A Divided East
• Crusaders
– Western Christians in the Levant to fulfill a crusading vow
• Franks (Franj)
– Western Christians living in the Crusader States
• Byzantines
• Eastern Christians
–
–
–
–
–
Armenians
Melkites
Jacobites
Maronites
Nestorians
The Second Crusade (1145-1149)
• Imad al-Din Zengi (d. 1146): Seljuq atabeg of
Aleppo and Mosul
• 1143: Zengi takes Edessa
• 1145: Pope Eugene III calls for
new Crusade
• Kings Louis VII of France and
Conrad III of Holy Roman Empire
respond
The Second Crusade
• Crusaders vs. Franks
• Negotiated peace
• Target of Crusade
– Retake Edessa
– Aleppo: Zengid capital
– Ascalon: closest threat to Jerusalem
– Damascus: most powerful city in southern Syria
The Siege of Damascus
• July 24-29, 1148
• Nur al-Din (r. 1146-1174):
Son of Zengi, Emir of Aleppo
• Unification of Syria
• Mu’in al-Din Unur: Emir
of Damascus
• Peace treaty or I give the
city to Nur al-Din
• Second Crusade = failure
Counter Crusade
• What does it mean to be a
good Muslim ruler?
• Nur al-Din hires religious
scholars to write texts on jihad
and the benefits of Jerusalem
• The righteous ruler is the
one who fights the crusaders
• Jerusalem is prioritized
• But does he do this?...
Minbar of al-Aqsa Mosque
Nur al-Din
• Small campaigns against Crusader states
• Spends most of his career fighting fellow Muslims
• 1154: conquers Damascus
• 1159: alliance with Byzantines against Seljuqs of Rum
• Fatimid Egypt: young
caliphs under sway of viziers
• 1163-1169: conquest of
Egypt
• Surround Crusaders
• Gold and Red Sea trade
Nur al-Din Madrassa, Damascus
Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt
• Shirkuh (d. 1169)
– Kurdish general
– leads conquest of
Egypt
– uncle of Salah al-Din
• Fatimid – Crusader
alliance against Shirkuh
• Salah al-Din inherits
viziership of Fatimid
Egypt
• Leave Fatimids in place…
Why?
al-Azhar Mosque, Cairo
Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt
• Is Salah al-Din Nur al-Din’s
governor?
• The `Abbasid Caliph’s?
• The Fatimid’s?
• Reorganize Fatimid army
• Sunnification of Egypt
• Remove Shi’ites from
bureaucracy
• Establishment of Sunni
madrasas
• Remove “un-Islamic” taxes
Mosque showing the veneration of the Rashidun Caliphs
Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt
• 1171 – Nur al-Din orders the khutba in Egypt
given in the `Abbasid caliph’s name
• al-`Adid (r. 1160-1171): Last Fatimid caliph dies
• Salah al-Din changes khutba
• Members of Fatimid
family arrested (and
segregated)
• `Abbasids grant
Egypt to Nur al-Din
al-Hakim Mosque, Cairo