Transcript File unit 8 - exploration and colonization

Unit 8-Exploration and
Colonization
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1. What motivates European exploration?
2. What improvements allow for European exploration?(3)
3. What key economic changes happen during this time
period in Europe?(2)
4. Define Mercantilism.
5. How does the theory of Mercantilism impact European’s
views on trade and colonization
6.
Colonies
Reasons
governments
want them
Reasons
colonists
want them
Chapter 16 Section 2 page 388391
Looking to the East
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Marco Polo showed Europeans the wealth of
Asia (spices, gems, silk)
Silk Road was dangerous, went through
mountains and deserts, and people were taxed
Ottoman Empire took Constantinople and cut
off Silk Road to European traders
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6.
Desire for new sources of
wealth/Increase trade
Desire to spread Christianity
New technology (sails, compass,
gunpowder, back rudder)
Europe was overcrowded/Nations
competing for dominance
Renaissance increased desire to
learn/knowledge of known world
Flee religious or political persecution
European Exploration
Causes-”God, Glory and Gold”
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Improved Technology
◦ New Maps-many parts still unknown, West to Asia
◦ Invention of the Compass and Astrolabe
◦ New Ships-back rudder, improves steering, new sails
◦ Two types of ships were developed:
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1.small ships for exploration: caravels
a shallow draft to chart unknown waters
ability to sail to windward (lateen sails)
small crew
cargo space for voyages of up to a year
2. larger ships for war and commerce: carracks
high platforms at front and back from which to fire at opponents
armed with cannons
square sails for more sail area
large payload
Influences of Exploration
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Economic Changes
1400-1700 Commercial Revolutionbegins modern banking and new business
organization-Corporation(stock company)
Coins with fixed price
Private enterprise-Rise of Capitalism
Influences of Exploration
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Mercantilism
◦ Economic theory centered on the idea of
scarcity
◦ Fixed amount of wealth, countries need to take
well from other country to gain power
◦ Two ways
 Mine Gold and Silver at home or in colonies
 Export more than you import- Favorable Balance
of trade
◦ Raise Tariffs- importation taxes
◦ Promote manufacturing of goods
◦ Establish colonies for additional wealth
Influences of Exploration
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Finding funding
Sailors dying of hunger, thirst, scurvy
Time at sea - mentally hard
Storms and unpredictable weather
Fighting native peoples
Exploration Difficulties
Read Chapter 16 section 3 and 4
 Section 3- 1-3
 Section 4- 1-4
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Assignment
A few notable explorers…
1.
Prince Henry of
Portugal – 1419
establishes a
navigation
school, sails the
west coast of
Africa
QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video 3 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
2. Bartolomeo
Diaz (Portugal)
1488 - reaches
tip of Africa,
Indian Ocean
3. Vasco de Gama
(Portugal) 1498 reaches India by
going around
Africa
4. Columbus 1492
(Spain) - believes
he can reach the
east by sailing
west; ends up in
Caribbean
5. Magellan 1519
(Spain) - sails west
around tip of South
America and
makes trip around
world (dies in
Philippines)
Desire for Colonies and Wealth
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European nations
compete for new
lands, wealth,
bring glory to
their country
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Establish colonies
and empires
around the world!
Colony- territory
or people subject
to a ruling state.
 Use your
textbook pg. 404405 and identity
the areas of
colonization by
each of listed
European
countries
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Spain and Portugal divided world by
establishing a line of demarcation
- Lands west of line = Spain
- Lands east of line = Portugal
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
Exploring the Americas
Various ancient civilizations lived in the
area:
1. Mayans(what is left)
2. Aztecs
3. Incas
4. Native American tribes in North
America
*Explorers arrive and what do you
think will happen?
Significant because his journey forever
connects the old and new world, ushering
in the beginning of our modern world
 Columbus’ arrival in the new world begins
an exchange of non-native plants, animals
and diseases(Columbian Exchange) like
the world has never seen before or since!
 Impact dramatically benefits the
Europeans in both the new and old world
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Christopher Columbus-Columbian
Exchange
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In your reading groups, answer the
questions to your part of the reading on a
separate sheet.
Write down the section heading and your
responses
After a few minutes you will rotate.
Complete all questions.
Intro reading-Why Should I Care?
Summarize two reasons from the text.
Columbian Exchange Reading
In a short essay, describe the impact of
the Columbian Exchange on Europeans
and Native Americans. (minimum 1
page,5 paragraphs)
 Intro-Hook, background info on C.E.,
thesis
 Body
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◦ Impact of plants
◦ Impact of animals
◦ Impact of diseases
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Conclusion-Summarize what you told us
Columbian Exchange SummaryEssay assignment
The Europeans arrived and wanted the land and resources
from the natives
 Natives fought back but lost
 Why?
 Disease-Smallpox is most deadly
 Technology- Guns, steel armor, Horses!
 Conquistadors- “Conquerors”
◦ 1521-Aztec fall to Cortes
◦ 1535-Inca fall to Pizarro
Spanish conquistadors force many Natives into slaveryEncomienda system
Bartolomé de las Casas-”protector of Indians” speaks out
against and documents Spanish atrocities against Native
Americans
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Clash of Cultures- Guns, Germs
and Steel
Europeans used Native Americans to do
their work until they were dying from
disease - needed new labor force
 9.5 million Africans sent to Americas
(400,000 to North America)
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Atlantic Slave Trade
1. Europeans brought goods to Africa
2. Africans transported to New World
(Middle Passage)
3. Wealth of colonies is brought to Europe
Triangular Trade:
Dutch- settle in Asia- “East Indies”, New
York originally
 French-Settle in Canada, Great Lakes-Fur
Trade, Good relations with Natives
 English- Settle in east coast of North
America
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Dutch, French and English
French & Indian War
(1754-1763)
France vs
England: basically
over land control
in colonies
 Indians fight for
both sides
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France was exhausted - outnumbered and
outgunned
 England won the war
 Treaty of Paris gave Britain control of
most of North America
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Exchanged Food
Exchanged Diseases
Exchanged Animals
Exchanged Technology
Established powerful empires
Atlantic Slave Trade
Colonization of the World
Results of Exploration