Transcript Chapter 16: The World Economy

AGE OF EXPLORATION: NEW
WORLD
Borrowed from Ms. Sheets
University High School
From the 1400s to the 1700s, Europe
experienced an “Age of Exploration”
The Renaissance
encouraged curiosity & a
desire for trade
Motivations:
Why did Europeans want to
explore?
As a result of exploration,
European nations grew powerful &
spread their influence throughout
GOLD (MONEY)
began
looking
quick,
A Merchants
desire for new
sources
of for
wealth
was
trade routes
to Asia toexploration
avoid
the direct
main reason
for European
Muslim & Italian merchants & increase
profits
The Crusades &
Renaissance stimulated
European desires for
GLORY
Kings
sponsoredinspired
voyages
of
Thewho
Renaissance
new
exploration
gained for
overseas
colonies,
possibilities
power &
prestigenew
sources of wealth for their nation, &
increased power
Exploration presented Europeans
the opportunity to rise from
poverty
GOD
European Christians, especially
Catholics, wanted to stop the spread of
Islam &
convert non-Christians to the faith
Explorers were encouraged
to spread Christianity or
bring missionaries who
would focus only on
MOTIVES TO EXPLORE
 Gold
 Find riches
 Glory
 Renaissance and the idea of
Humanism – Man could achieve
great things
 God
 Missionary activities resulting
from the reformation
 The Catholic Church wanted to
strengthen its power
DESIRE TO EXPLORE
 Europeans were looking for a
trade route to the East by sea.
 Europeans lack gold to pay for
imports from Asia.
 Europeans initially had many
disadvantages and fears
(ignorant; fearful; lacking
technology; Ottoman Empire)
 Decreasing belief that the
world was flat and sea travel
may lead to falling off the
earth
NEW TECHNOLOGY
 Europeans developed
round-hulled sailing
ships that could sail
Atlantic and carry
heavy armaments.
 Improved compass,
map-making
 European knowledge
of Chinese explosives
adopted into
gunnery.
NAVIGATION
Trade & cultural diffusion during the
Renaissance introduced new navigation
techniques to Europeans
Astrolabe
Maps
used
were more accurate
Magnetic compass
stars to and
show
used longitude &
made sailing more
European shipbuilders built a better ship;
The caravel was a strong ship that could
travel in the open seas & in shallow water
Caravels had
triangular
lateen sails that
allowed ships
to sail against
the wind
Cannons & rifles
gave ships
A moveable
rudder made
the caravel
more
OF EXPLORATION
Who wereTHE
the AGE
explorers,
where did they go, &
how did they change world history?
Europeans were not the first to
explore the oceans in search of new
trade routes
Islamic merchants explored the Indian
Ocean & had dominated the Asian spice
trade for centuries before European
EARLY EXPLORATION
From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He
led the Chinese treasure fleet
on
7 expeditions to SE Asia,
But in the late 1400s, the European sailors
did what neither Muslim nor Chinese
explorers could: Begin global (not regional)
exploration &
create colonies to increase their wealth &
power
In Portugal, Prince Henry
the Navigator started a
school of navigation to
train
sailors
He brought in Europe’s
best map-makers, shipbuilders, & sailing
instructors
He wanted to
discover new
territories,
find a quick
trade route to
Asia, &
expand
Portugal’s
power
Portugal was the
early leader in the
Age of Exploration
Prince Henry’s navigation school &
willingness to fund voyages led the
Portuguese to be the 1st to explore the
west coast of Africa
Vasco da Gama
was the 1st
explorer to find a
direct trade route
to Asia by going
around Africa to
get to India
Portugal gained a
sea route to Asia
that brought them
great wealth
PORTUGAL LEADS
 Portugal led in navigation
 Focused on: discovery, destruction
to Muslim world, wealth
 Henry the Navigator organized
expeditions along the coast of Africa
 1498: Vasco de Gama reached India,
sailed around the Cape of Good
Hope
 De Gama’s success led to other
expeditions: Brazil, Mozambique,
Indonesia, Japan
 Portugal claims parts of African
coast and parts of Brazil, India
During the Age of
Exploration, Portugal
created colonies along
the African coast, in
Brazil, & the Spice
The Spanish
government
saw Portugal’s wealth &
did
not
want
to
be
left
More than out
any other
European monarch,
Ferdinand &
Isabella of Spain
sponsored &
supported overseas
expeditions
Like most educated men
of the Renaissance,
Columbus believed the
world was round &
thought he could reach
Asia by sailing west
He made 4 trips to
“India” never
knowing he was in
Columbus reached the
Bahamas in America
but thought that he had
reached islands off the
coast of India
SPAIN FOLLOWS
 Spain is full of religious zeal
and a desire for riches
 1492: Christopher Columbus
reached the Americas,
thought he was in India
 1519-1521: Ferdinand
Magellan sailed around the
world
 Spain claims Mexico, parts
of South America, Florida,
Philippines
 Imports silver from America
During the
Age of Exploration,
Spain created colonies
in
DIVIDING TERRITORY
 1493: Pope’s Line of Demarcation (Spain is eager to claim
dominion over new land)
 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas (Brazil awarded to Portugal)
Spain sent explorers called
conquistadors to the New World to find
gold, claim land, & spread Christianity
Cortez
conquere
d the
Aztecs
Pizarro
conquere
The
influx
of gold from
d the
Inca
America made Spain
the most powerful
country in Europe
during the early years
of the
England, France, & the Netherlands became
involved in overseas exploration & colonization
as well
NORTHERN EUROPEAN
EXPEDITIONS
 In 16 th c., Northern Europe (France,
England, Holland) becomes interested
in exploration
 Will mostly go northward in New World
 British set up colonies in North
America, India
 Tried to find an Arctic route to East
 Dutch set up colonies in SE Asian
islands, Sri Lanka, south Africa
 French set up colonies in midwestern, southern US via Mississippi,
Canada
 Dutch/British East India Company:
joint stock and trade company; amass
huge fortunes
After failing to do so,
Champlain founded the
French colony of
Quebec
The
French
explorer
Samuel
de
Champlain
The
French
would
soon
carve
out
a
large
colony
searched
Canada
for
a
northwest
passage
to
along the Mississippi River from Canada to New
Unlike other
European
nations whose
kings paid for
colonies, the
English colonies
were paid for
by citizens who
formed jointstock
English
colonies
companies
formed along the
Atlantic Coast of
North America by
colonists
motivated either
by religion
The English explorer James Cook
was the first European to make
contact with Australia, New Zealand,
EUROPEAN HOLDINGS
Like England, the
The Dutch had colonies
Netherlands (the Dutch) in America & Africa, but
allowed private
the Dutch East India
companies to fund
Company dominated
exploration
trade in Asia
DEVASTATION
 Smallpox and measles caused
between 50-80% indigenous
populations to die.
 Entire island populations gone
 Native Americans had not
previously been exposed to
these diseases; had no natural
immunities
 Europeans had “room” to
create new populations with
their own citizens and African
slaves
COLONIAL EXPANSION
 European guns, horses, and iron offered
advantages, especially where political chaos and
population losses had occurred.
 Spain colonized the Americas first.
 Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico
 1509 CE: Vasco de Balboa establishes a colony in
Panama in search of gold
 1528 CE: Francisco Pizarro attacked the divided Incan
empire, founded Lima
 Early colonies:
 Loose colonial administrations led by gold-hungry
Europeans
 Become more formal administrations as agricultural
settlements were established under bureaucrats who
arrived from Europe
UNEQUAL LABOR SYSTEMS
 Human labor was vital to
producing low -cost goods
 Population loss from disease
increase in imported slave
labor in New World
 Estate agriculture (peasants
forced into labor without
legal freedom to leave)
 Beyond slave trade, much of
Africa untouched still by
Europeans
MERCANTILISM
 Mercantilism: an economic theory popular during 17 th /18 th
 Prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its capital
 Government should export more than import
 Utilize colonies to import raw materials from; minimizes costs
RESULTS OF A NEW WORLD
 Profits from colonies brought
in wealth and capital
 Most white settlers
transplanted Western ideas
into New World
 Slavery spread
 World economy brings benefits
to many (sugar)
 Increasing colonial rivalries
 New foods and wider trade
patterns
 Imports of silver