Transcript European Exploration - Parkway C-2

European Exploration
Earlier Explorers
• Marco Polo
– his journey through Asia lasted 24 years
– he became a favorite of Kublai Khan
– Polo traveled all through China and returned to tell the tale,
which became the greatest story
• Zheng He
– he sailed from China to many places in seven voyages from
1405 to 1433,
– each expedition was an enormous undertaking.
– also included at times were Muslim religious leaders and
Buddhist monks
Marco Polo
Zheng He
Motives for Exploration
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curiosity
refugees & missionaries
$$$$$
technology-abled
fame and fortune
adventure
The Portuguese Connection
• Prince Henry,
the Navigator
- established a school for sailors
- focused on navigation,
mapmaking, and shipbuilding
- enabled sailors to
better guide their ships and
to come up with new ship
designs
Map of African coast discovered by expeditions
sponsored by Prince Henry
Courtesy of: http://library.thinkquest.org/J002678F/prince_henry_the_navigator.htm
Portuguese Explorers
• Bartolomeo Dias – explored Africa’s
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coasts
Vasco da Gama – discovered ocean route
to Indian Ocean
Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque – sailed
to the Spice Islands (Moluccas)
Christopher Columbus
Columbus’ Voyages
• led the way for exploration, exploitation, and
colonization of the Americas
• He is normally referred to as the
“discoverer” of the New World
• Columbus is considered most important
Other Voyages of Exploration
Other Explorers
• Ferdinand Magellan –
led the first expedition
that sailed around the
globe
Amerigo Vespucci
– Columbus may have
found the New World,
but Vespucci was the
one who realized that it
was indeed a New
World
So, how did we get our
name? Did Vespucci
name it after himself?
PIRATES
Dead Men Tell No Tales!
•Courtesy of Kimberley Warrick
The Golden Age of Piracy
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Mid 18th century to early 19th century
Many were not villainous
There were, however, several who were
cutthroat, vile, greedy, horrible people!
The Infamous Pirate Hangouts ~
Port Royal and Tortuga
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The buccaneers helped
England secure Jamaica as it’s
own, about 1662.
The first governor was
empowered to issue privateering
commissions
this place became known as the
“wickedest city in the world.”
Port Royal and Tortuga
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Tortuga was uninhabited in the
1600’s, but Spain claimed
ownership since it was near
Hispaniola (Haiti).
In 1630, some English
buccaneers settled this place
This little island became the
scene of the most drunken and
depraved behavior known at the
time. And the pirates loved it!
Tortuga
Famous Pirates
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Blackbeard
Calico Jack
Anne Bonny
Grace O’Malley
Henry Morgan
Black Bellamy
Bartholomew Roberts
Female Pirates
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Many women entered a life at
sea for many reasons
The life of a pirate or
merchantman offered a lot
Anne Bonny and Mary Read
are the most infamous female
pirates. They sailed with Calico
Jack Rackham.
The Jamestown Connection
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Captain Christopher
Newport, commanded the
ship the Susan Constant
to Jamestown.
Commissioned by
England to fight the
Spanish
The Lost Colony
(Roanoke) was supposed
to be a privateering base
for England.
The Jamestown Connection
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Bartholomew Gosnold was also
a privateer raiding Spanish
ships for England.
formed the Virginia Company
and sailed with the others to
Jamestown.
Jefferson & the Barbary Pirates
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The Barbary Coast (Northern
African nations) was home to
several companies of pirates.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the
British and French paid tribute to
these pirates for safe passage
through the Mediterranean Sea.
After the Revolution, America had
to be responsible for the safety of
her naval enterprises.
In 1784, Congress decided to
allocate money to pay tribute to
these pirates.
The Barbary Wars
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Jefferson argued that
conceding the ransom would
only encourage more attacks.
The U.S. paid Algiers the
ransom
1801, Jefferson became
president and stopped
payments
Barbary States declared war
on the United States
1804, 1st Barbary War ended
after U.S. Marines launched
an attack on Tripoli and freed
hostages
The Barbary Wars
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In 1801, Jefferson became President. The Barbary States issued a
demand for tribute from the new administration.
Jefferson refused; the States declared war on America.
Several frigates were sent to the North African coast on the
Mediterranean Sea where they were victorious over Algiers and Tunis,
seizing all the “vessels and goods” of the leaders of the States.
Tripoli continued its fight against America, and subsequently, the
American navy set up and maintained a blockade of the Barbary ports
and executed a campaign of raids and attacks against the city’s fleets.
In 1803, the Tripoli fleet captured the USS Philadelphia and took the
captain and the crew hostage.
In February 1804, the US Marines with help from several Greek,
Arab, and Berber mercenaries launched an attack on Tripoli freeing
the hostages, and ending the First Barbary War.
A Pirate’s PowerPoint
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With a partner, you will create a pirate’s powerpoint
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Please sign up for your pirate so we don’t have duplicates!
The powerpoint is due at the beginning of class on
Thursday – it should be absolutely no longer than 5
minutes
Please refer to your handout for specific information
to include in your presentation
Europe and the Americas
The Spanish Conquest
Courtesy: Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HS
The Aztecs
vs.
Hernán Cortés
Moctezuma II
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
The “Columbian Exchange”
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Squash
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Avocado
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Peppers
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Sweet Potatoes
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Turkey
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Pumpkin
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Tobacco
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Quinine
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Cocoa
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Pineapple
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Cassava
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POTATO
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Peanut
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TOMATO
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Vanilla
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MAIZE
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Syphilis
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Trinkets
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Liquor
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GUNS
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Olive
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COFFEE BEAN
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Banana
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Rice
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Onion
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Turnip
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Honeybee
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Barley
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Grape
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Peach
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SUGAR CANE
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Oats
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Citrus Fruits
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Pear
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Wheat
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HORSE
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Cattle
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Sheep
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Pigs
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Smallpox
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Flu
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Typhus
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Measles
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Malaria
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Diptheria
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Whooping Cough
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Mestizos
Native Indians
Creoles
Mulattos
Black Slaves
European Empires in the
Americas
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 &
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
* Spain and Portugal start to argue over who
gets what land
* Pope Alexander VI decides to draw an
imaginary line called the Line of Demarcation
* Portugal received all the land to the east of
it, Spain received all the land to the west
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 &
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
•Portugal is unhappy with the arrangement so
Spain agrees to move the line 800 miles west
(the Treaty of Tordesillas); this goes through
Brazil today
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 &
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
New Colonial Rivals
New Patterns of World Trade
The Slave Trade
1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the
Europeans
2. First boatload of African slaves brought by
the Spanish in 1518
3. Portuguese
sugar plantations
More than one million enslaved Africans
exported to Brazil
4. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans
shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African Captives
Thrown Overboard
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver,
into Europe created an inflationary
economic climate.
3. New products introduced across the
continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.