Transcript WHAP - Maritime Revolution

Maritime Revolution
Before 1450 - 1550
Expansion before 1450
Pacific Ocean
• Polynesians
– New Guinea to Hawaii to New Zealand
– Expansion or accidental?
• Malayo-Indonesians
– Madagascar
Expansion before 1450
Indian Ocean
• Muslim Traders
– Very important by 1400
– Trade ports not empire
• Ming Empire
– Mongol defeat leads to early expansionism
– Voyages of Zheng He
– Ways to show off wealth
rather than trade
– Africa
– By 1433 voyages ended
– POWER VACUUM
Expansion before 1450
Atlantic Ocean
• Vikings
– First major power
– Exploration and settlement
– Impact of changing climate in 1200
• Europeans
– Applied Mediterranean knowledge
– Mostly Genoese and Portuguese
– Expeditionary - Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands
• Africans
– Mansa Musa
• Americas
– Limited
– Arawaks into Lesser Antilles
European Expansion
1400-1550
• Who?
– Iberian Kingdoms (Spain & Portugal)
– Economic, political & religious inspiration
– Improvements in their technology allowed them to “master”
maritime push
• Four Trends in Latin West since 1000
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Revival of urban life and trade
European idea of alliance b/w rulers & merchants
Struggle with Islamic Empires over Med.
Growing intellectual curiosity
• Why not Italians?
– Venice & Genoa had pre-existing trade alliances with Muslims
(access to SR through the Med.)
– Ships too small for Atlantic Ocean
– Merchant Princes supported trade in N Europe, Black Sea,
Indian Ocean
Why Portugal?
• c. 1415 – attack on Morocco (Muslim)
– Part crusade, tournament, plundering
• Importance of Gold
– Unable to push inland
– Sought direct contact with Gold producers
– Need to sail
• Henry the Navigator
– Multiple agendas – religion,
ottoman, exploration
– Cartography
• Caravel
– Smaller, lighter, more maneuverable, small cannons
• Order of Christ Money
– Red crosses on ships
• Slavery and gold
• Cruzado
– Link between religion and exploration
• Real Success comes after private
investors become involved
– Sao Tome
• Seek a passage to India
Why Spain?
• History of conflict with Muslims
– Aragon & Castile unite to capture Granada
• Later entrance into Revolution
• Columbus - 1492
– Expedition sponsored by
Queen Isabella
– Never believed he reached
“New” World
• Vespucci
– Explores “new” world
• Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494
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Negotiated by pope
Splits Atlantic Ocean with imaginary line
Americas = Spain
Africa & S Asia = Portugal
African Encounters with Europe
• Portugal
– Offered new markets for African goods
• Gold Coast & Benin
– Trade gold, pepper, some
slavery
– African nations held power
• Kongo
– Only had slaves to offer
• Ethiopia
– Only Christian Empire on east coast
– Alliances against the Turks
– Conflict over version of Christianity
Indian Ocean Encounters with
Europeans
• Portugal
– Sought access to trade
– Crown decided that IO would belong to them alone – use of
force
• Why did Portugal gain power so easily? (1505 – 1535)
– Superior weaponry and ships
– Small port cities, not empire
– Large empires not interested in maritime intrusion – internal
focus
– Seized Malacca
• Methods of control
– Taxation
– Portuguese “passports”
– Execution
• Response
– Larger empires ignored or considered unimportant
– Smaller trade ports attempted resistance - failed
America Encounters with Europe
• Spain
– Territorial Empire rather than trade
– No contact between Amerindians and others – had to
rely on conquest & plunder
• Arawak
– Hispaniola (Haiti)
– 1493 – Columbus 2nd voyage with settlers
– 1495 rebellion: quashed, ended with death and
bondage
– Famine and smallpox spread
– 1502 – all remaining Arawaks made slaves to
colonists
• Conquistadors
– Defeat non-believers, bring them to god and get rich
in the process
American Empires
• Cortes and Aztecs
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Aztec empire only 100 yrs old
Loyalty divided – “new” could offer more
Tlaxcalans
Moctezuma
1521 defeat – impact of smallpox
• Pizarro and the Incans
– Taxes, exile and forced labor used
to control
– Civil war
– 1531 Pizarro sets out
– Pizarro betrays Atahualpa
– Internal conflict leads to splintering