Transcript Unit Four - Cobb Learning

Mesoamerica and the Age of
Exploration
Mesoamerica
• SSWH8 The student will demonstrate an understanding of
the development of societies in Central and South America.
• a. Explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and
Inca empires.
• b. Compare the culture of the Americas; include government,
economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and
Incas.
• Pick up a textbook.
• Turn to pages 232-233 & 438-239 (use a pencil or object to keep your place)
• Answer the following questions using the two maps:
• Pg 232-233
• What geographical feature do most of these early American civilizations share?
• Why is it likely that the Nazca & Moche were aware of one another?
• How were geographic conditions different for the Olmec and the Chavin people?
• Pg 438-439
• In which part of the Americas do you think the greatest cultural interaction occurred?
Why?
• Which empire covered the greatest geographic area?
• The Aztecs adopted the gods of other Mesoamerican cultures. Why do you think this
happened?
• Complete the sentences below (write the entire sentence in your warm-up)
• The Olmec culture was replaced by the _____________.
• The Nazca culture was replaced by the ____________.
• The Chavin culture was replaced by the ____________.
• The Nazca and Moche culture was replaced by the _____________.
• Let’s discuss the timeline
•
•
•
•
Beringia Interactive
We will focus on the following cultures:
Aztecs, Mayas, and Incan
Mesoamerica is defined as: A region extending south and east
from central Mexico to include parts of Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras, and Nicaragua. In pre-Columbian times it was
inhabited by diverse civilizations, including the Mayan and the
Olmec.
• PPT Quick Notes with
chart
• Comparison Chart
Activity
• Mesoamerica’s first known civilization builders were a people known
as the Olmec.
• They established themselves in southern Mexico.
• Resources
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abundant deposits of salt and tar, as well as fine clay for pottery
Also wood and rubber from the rain forest.
Rivers provided great transportation
Flood plains of these rivers provided fertile land for farming
Abundant deposits of salt and tar, as well as fine clay for pottery
Also wood and rubber from the rain forest.
Rivers provided great transportation
Flood plains of these rivers provided fertile land for farming
The Olmec used their resources to build thriving communities
• Large sculpted heads found- may have represented particular
Olmec rulers
• Scholars believe that outside invaders caused destruction
• Others believe the Olmec may have destroyed their own
monuments upon the death of their rulers
• Mayans Summed up
• Complete your chart with information from the video
Lived in the rainforest and built
cities in the jungle
*Gods fed on and survived on human
blood– human sacrifice.
Price of Blood Video
*Built pyramids
• Great architects/skilled engineers
• All their cities linked trade
and alliances with each other.
• Chichen-Itza – sacred Mayan religious center.
.
It means “at the mouth of the well of the Itza”
• Hieroglyph writing system –
• One of only five original writing systems invented.
• Maya math – used zero. Used a form of
decimal system
= five
= one
• Great astronomers - predict eclipses of sun and moon. Believed
the earth moved through cycles of birth and destruction.
• Mayan calendars• They are the best-documented and most completely understood
calendars of their time.
• December 21st, 2012 – Mayan Day of Doom – The end of
this cycle according to the Maya.
• Around 900 C.E. the Maya abandon their cities and return to
the jungle. No one knows why…
• Frequent warfare between kingdoms disrupted trade
• Population growth creates need for more land
• Over farming may have led to famine, food shortages, and
disease
• Cities abandoned
• Invaders from the north
• Empire ruled by an
emperor- believed that their
ruler was a descendant from
god.
• Traditions and beliefs
helped to unify the empire
• Capital city of Cuzco
• Bodyguards wore golden
armor
• Lived and farmed on the sides of mountains – potatoes and
corn
• Terrace farming – cutting steps into mountain sides for
farming.
• Road system – suspension bridges, way
stations, runners to carry messages.
Cocaine
• Machu Picchu – religious city in the
clouds.
• Not discovered until 1911.
•
•
50 ton blocks cut precisely
Incan mummified their dead
• Roads could be used by enemies
• Civil war and Spanish arrival
Huitzilopochtli – sun and
war god of the Aztecs.
Demanded constant feeding
of human blood.
• Flowery Death – the honor of dying and feeding the god!
• Aztecs sacrificed sometimes thousands a day.
• Some were volunteers. Others were captured from war.
• Obsidian swords – didn’t have metal. Made swords from
volcanic rock obsidian.
• Extremely sharp swords but brittle. Also wore cotton quilt armor.
• Powerful military
• Tenochtitlan –great capital city of the Aztecs built in the
middle of a lake. Held 300,000 people with canals for
streets.
•Aqueducts brought
water to the city
•Hundreds of pyramids
to different gods. Some
coated in gold!
•Where present day
Mexico City is
• Montezuma crowned emperor. He called for more tribute and
sacrifices
• Need for prisoners leads to change in warfare style that is less
deadly and less aggressive
• Arrival of Spanish!
• Janus Model Activity
• Directions: You will create a Janus figure that compares two of the Mesoamerican
civilizations. Each side of the Janus figure must meet the following criteria:
• 1. It must have different physical features in face and body paint/clothing. (15 pts)
• 2. Each side must contain eight factually correct statements about the civilization. There
should be two statements for each of the four topics of comparison. Those topics are
government, economy, religion, and the arts. = (25 pts)
• 3.Each side of the figure should be clearly marked as to what civilization is represented.
(10 pts)
• 4. Writing component – Provide a typed description of your Janis model providing a clear
comparison between the empires. Remember a comparison should not just include
differences, but also similarities. Your writing component needs a clear thesis statement.
(50 points)
• What is a Janus figure? A Janus figure is a body or head with two faces. See below:
Mesoamerica
• Define Mesoamerica.
• What significant artifact allowed anthropologist to learn about
Olmec culture?
• Pick up Reading: Olmecs – Read and be ready to discuss.
• Mayan Slides
• Project Workday – Chart and Janus Figure
• Expectations for writing piece.
• NOT a thesis
• There were many similarities and differences between the Spanish and the
Portuguese.
• A THESIS!
• While both the Spanish and the Portuguese relied on maritime colonies
and trade to fuel their economy, their methods of conquering colonies
were vastly different.
Quiz – Mesoamerica
Age of Exploration
• Should we celebrate Columbus? Pick up a reading from the
chair. Read both sides and be ready to chose a side “For or
Against Columbus Day.”
• Columbus Day Video - http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7424664n
• Real Story of Columbus – discussion
• Find someone who had a different American civilization than
you. Compare notes and ensure understanding of each
civilization. (Example, if you compared Maya and Aztec, find
someone who read about the Inca)
• Quiz
• Homework – Background Essay – Magellan with questions on
back
Age of Exploration
• SSWH10:
• The student will analyze the age of discovery and expansion
into the Americas, Africa and Asia.
• What were the causes for the Age of Exploration?
• Why did Europeans colonize Asia, Africa, and the Americas?
• What were the effects of colonization and expansion?
• Explain the
routes of the
explorers on
the map:
• Dias
• Da Gama
• Zheng He
• In the 1100’s the Euro. crusaders fought the Muslims for
the Holy Land.
• When they returned they brought interesting ideas and items
back to W. Euro.
• In 1275 Marco Polo reached the palace of Kublai Khan
in China. When he returned from Italy he brought
Asian/Eastern goods back
• Information/goods were also traded through the Silk
Roads
• The Ren. had encouraged a new spirit of adventure and
curiosity.
• GOLD GLORY GOD
• $Mercantilism$- act of a country or nation becoming
self-sufficient.
• = a need for =colonies
• The promise of a new life, the hope to own land, &
quick riches.
• The discovery of gold, jewels, could make a quick
profit.
• Some went overseas because of persecution or
political problems at home. Some wanted to
spread their own religion.
• And so the call for exploration and expansion
was: God, Glory, and Gold
• Marco Polo's Travels
• (1300 A.D.) Latin Book 3, Chapter 4
• [The following text led to the discovery of America. These passages, written by
Marco Polo, motivated Christopher Columbus to find an alternative route to the
Indies. Going Eastward had become almost impossible since the Middle East was
occupied by Muslims who would not allow Christians safe passage.]
“It should be understood that the sea in which the Island of Zipangu [Japan] is situated
is the sea of CHIN, and so extensive is this eastern sea that according to experienced
pilots and mariners, who should know, it contains no fewer than 7,440 islands, mostly
inhabited. It is said that every one of the trees which grow in them gives off a fragrant
odor. They produce many spices and drugs, particularly aloes, and much pepper, both
white and black. It is impossible to estimate the value of gold and other articles found in
these islands. Their distance from the continent is so great, and the navigation so
difficult, that vessels sailing there do not reap large profits; for they consume a whole
year in the voyage.
• We shall her treat no further of these countries and islands because of my not having
visited them personally and their not being under the dominion of the Great Khan.”
• A gift of betel is for them a far greater matter and more
indicative of esteem than the gift of silver and gold.... One takes
areca nut, this is like a nutmeg but is broken up until it is reduced
to small pellets, and one places these in his mouth and chews them.
Then he takes the leaves of betel, puts a little chalk on them, and
masticates them along with the betel nut.... They sweeten the
breath, remove foul odors of the mouth [and] aid digestion....
Political and economic changes led to overseas
expansion and new economic theory called
Mercantilism - Mercantilism stipulates that in order to
build economic strength, a nation must export more
than it imports.
Theory1- fixed amt. of wealth in the world
2- larger share= taking some from another country
3- richer a nation, the powerful
One of the main goals - get to Asia in
order to acquire spices, silks and
jewels.
• produced mainly in India, China and
the islands of E. & S.E. Asia.
• Europeans needed advanced
technology to get there
• Caravel
– Arab world influence
– Sail effectively AND be sturdy
– triangular shaped – against
wind
Cannon/handguns
• Astrolabe
http://fc.lbpsb.qc.ca/~history/caravel.jpg
– Brass circle with degrees
– Calculated latitude
– allowed ppl. To sail far out to
sea rather than staying close
to the coastline.
• Compass
– Invention from China
http://members.shaw.ca/michaeljmcgrath/astrolabe.jpg
• Geography plays a part….
• Your thoughts?
• Portugal -1st interested in
exploration.
• Prince Henry was nicknamed Henry
the Navigator. He had 3 main
goals for Portugal:
• 1. New lands and peoples for Christianity by
a crusade in Africa.
• 2. Desire to acquire a share of the African
slave trade that the Muslims controlled.
• 3. He wanted to start trading with Asia.
• Early 1400’s Prince Henry founded a
school
• $$$$ - navigators / captains began a series
of explorations westward into the Atlantic and
southward to Africa
• 1488- Bartholomew Dias sailed around the
Cape of Good Hope, at the southern tip of
Africa.
• In 1498, Vasco da Gama sailed around
Africa and across the Indian Ocean and
returned with riches from Asia.
• This discovery made it possible for
Portuguese traders to bring goods directly
to Europe cheaper than dealing with the
Arab traders. - Cut the middle man
• Spain interest in exploring. - Jealous of Portugal.
Ferdinand and Isabella, decided to finance
Christopher Columbus an Italian navigator.
• Columbus thought the world was much smaller
than it actually is, and so he thought he could
reach India quickly and easily by sailing west.
• In August of 1492, he left Spain with three ships
and crossed the Atlantic.
• In October he landed on the island of San
Salvador (near Cuba).
• Columbus thought an island off the coast of
India
called the people Indians.
• As a result these islands will
later be called the West
Indies.
• In the spring of 1493
Columbus returned to Spain
to report his discoveries.
• He made 3 more voyages
between 1493 and 1504,
and he died believing he had
found lands there were near
or a part of Asia.
Spain and Portugal
each claimed many
new lands &
claimed the same
lands.
• 1493/4
• Pope initiates the
comp.
• Btwn. Spain and
Portugal
• Line of Demarcation
• West = Spain
• East = Portugal
http://go.hrw.com/venus_images/0320MC15.gif
• Amerigo Vespucci
• Realized the land that Columbus landed on was
NOT India, but a new land. The mapmaker will
name the new land after Amerigo (America)
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa
• First European to see the Pacific Ocean – named
it the South Sea
• Ferdinand Magellan
• His crew was the first to circumnavigate (circle)
the world – He did not make it 
• Conquistadors: ConquerorsCortes and his men conquer
C. America-Aztecs. (1519)
• Pizarro conquers Inca 15
yrs. Later.
• Spain: Central America
(Mexico)  mestizo
• Portugal: Brazil (sugar)
http://www.vrcurassow.com/2dvrc/discovery/vespuc
ci1b.GIF
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/fotos/cortes.jpg
• My top 3!
• _______________
• _______________
• _______________
Age of Exploration
• Defend your top 3 from yesterday! – Explain why you chose
those top 3 events from the AOE.
• Pick up and review quiz answers.
• Sketch the Columbian Exchange in your notes.
• Complete AOE notes
• Answer Review Questions
• Introduce DBQ
• European slave trade in
1500s was LARGER
than any other
transportation of
enslaved people
• Why Africans?
• Resistance to diseases
• Knew how to farm
• Strangers to the New
World
• Tobacco, Sugar, Coffee
1500-1870: 9.5 million
slaves transported
https://www.nyhistory.org/seneca/sv055.gif
• Olaudah Equiano describes his sickness and terror as an 11year-old captive aboard a slave ship from Africa to Barbados
in 1756.
• From Olaudah Equiano, “The Interesting Narrative of the Life of
Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African,” in Henry Louis
Gates, ed., The Classic Slave Narratives (New York: Mentor,
1987), pp. 32-37.
• The first object that saluted my eyes when I arrived on the coast
was the sea, and a slave ship…waiting for its cargo. These
filled me with astonishment, that was soon converted into
terror…I was immediately handled and tossed up to see if I was
sound, by some of the crew; and I was now persuaded that I
had got into a world of bad spirits, and that they were going to
kill me…I was soon put down under the decks, and there I
received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never
experienced in my life: so that, with the loathsomeness of the
stench, and with my crying together, I became so sick and low
that I was not able to eat…I now wished for the last friend,
death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men
offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat, one of them
held me…and laid me across, I think, the windlass, and tied my
feet, while the other flogged me severely…In a little time after,
amongst the poor chained men, I found some of my own
nation…I inquired of these what was to be done with us.
• They gave me to understand we were to be carried to these
white people’s country to work for them. I was then a little
revived…But still I feared that I should be put to death, the
white people looked and acted, as I thought, in so savage a
manner: for I had never seen such instances of brutal cruelty:
and this is not only shown towards us blacks, but also to some
of the whites themselves…I could not help expressing my
fearful apprehensions to some of my countrymen…I asked them
how the vessel could go. They told me they could not tell; but
that there was cloth put upon the masts by the help of the ropes
I saw, and then the vessel went on; and the white men had
some spell or magic they put in the water, when they liked, in
order to stop the vessel…While we stayed on the coast I was
mostly on deck; and one day…I saw one of these vessels
coming in with the sails up…when the anchor was let go, I and
my countrymen who saw it, were lost in astonishment to
observe the vessel stop, and were now convinced it was done
by magic…At last, when the ship…had got in all her cargo,…
we were all put under deck…
• France established the colony
of Saint-Domingue in 1664.
• Nicknamed the "Pearl of the
Antilles," Saint-Domingue
became the richest colony in
the Caribbean.
• Haiti. Ironic?
• Culture
• 1608 settles first French
colony called Quebec
• Est. Fur Trade w/Indians &
Fishing off Nova Scotia
• 1600s Louis XIV encourages
larger French settlements
• French explorer Robert de la
Salle will explore the
Mississippi River region and
name the area in honor of
King Louis XIV.
• Louisiana
• 1769 lands on New Zealand
• Maori- Polynesian peoples
• 1770- Australia
• Used as a penal colony
• 1778- Convicts sent to empty British prisons
•
•
•
•
Chinese Muslim
Led 7 voyages
40-300 ships in each voyage
27,000 total crew; doctors, carpenters,
accountants, religious leaders, interpreters
• Sailed around Indian ocean showing
superiority of China
1. What spurred the Age of Exploration?
2. What new technology allowed for the exploration to take
place?
3. Why were countries trying to get to Asia?
4. What impact did Columbus have on the world?
5. What area did the following countries explore and claim?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Portugal
Spain
France
Britain
What is mercantilism?
• Homework – Olaudah Equiano
• Documents A-C for homework
• I have decided that we will take our test on Monday and write
our DBQ on Monday instead of today. Today we will do
document analysis in preparation for our DBQ.
• For your 1st 10 – What makes a good leader? Imagine that you
are a young sailor who is very interested in navigation. As a
matter of fact, you even took a few classes at Prince Henry’s
navigation school in Portugal. You have now been chosen to sail
with a very prominent captain on a voyage to a new land. The
night before you leave you are tossing and turning in your bed
thinking about the trip ahead. You wonder….what will my
captain be like? List at least 5 qualities you would want your
captain to embrace. What makes a good leader? (good & nice
do not count in this – be more descriptive)
• “Mother-countries” were self
sufficient
• There was a mass exchange of
goods and raw materials
• Nations were prospering and in
turn building colonial empires
and expanding to new
territories
• Introduction to new products
from all over the world
• Spain and Portugal will go into
decline because they did not
build extensive manufacturing
industries within their countries
• Tariffs and Taxes
• The “mother-countries” are
seeing all the wealth, not the
colonies; they don’t treat
colonies fairly
•
•
•
•
Background Essay
Understanding the Question
Pre-bucketing
Document Analysis
• Re-read your background essay. And complete the following
annotations:
• Anytime you see an individual or a date, underline it.
• Anytime you see a bolded vocabulary word OR a word you do not know,
highlight it.
• Anytime you read something you do not understand write ??? Above it.
• Anytime you think the author is making a key point write !!! Above it.
• See your packet:
• What is the analytical question asked by this DBQ?
• What terms in the question need to be defined?
• Rewrite the question in your own words
Reasons for
NOT
Defending
Magellan
Reasons for
Defending
Magellan
Reason #1
for
Defending/
Not
Defending
Magellan
Reason #2
for
Defending/
Not
Defending
Magellan
Reason #3
for
Defending/
Not
Defending
Magellan
• HW:
• Complete Documents D and E over the weekend.
• Complete “Getting Ready to Write” Bucketing – You will develop 3
reasons for defending/not defending Magellan. In your buckets place
the letter of the document you will use to defend your statement.
• Thesis Road Map – Use the “chicken foot” to develop a clear and
analytical thesis
• You may also develop an outline, but you will be required to write the
essay in class on Monday. DO NOT WRITE ON YOUR LINED PAPER!
• Also, review for the MC section of your test with your study guide I
provided.
Test Day
• No Notebook Check this unit (too short)
• Have a sharpened pencil and be ready to test as soon as the
bell rings.
• You will have 30 minutes to take your multiple choice section of
your exam.
• 30 minutes – Multiple Choice
• When you finish, turn in your hard copy of the test and your scantron to the designated
area.
• You may then get out your documents in preparation for the DBQ.
• 45 minutes – DBQ
• You will use the allotted time to complete your DBQ on the following question: Was
Magellan Worth Defending:
• Reminders:
• Use your paper provided in your packet.
• Remember to use all of the documents (you must use at least 4 to receive full
credit)
• Remember to analyze the documents, not just list them
• Cite documents like this:
• Luis Mendoza was decapitated and quartered during the Easter Mutiny (Document B).
• Not like this:
• Document B said that Luis Mendoza was decapitated and quartered during the Easter
Mutiny.
• Try not to use direct quotes, paraphrase, but if you do, you MUST USE QUOTES.
If you finish with your DBQ, place your packet in the basket and pick up a vocabulary sheet
for the next unit.
• CNN Student News if time.