Transcript Chapter 15 - North Syracuse Central School District

Chapter 15
The Age of Religious Wars and
Overseas Expansion
France in the early 16th Century
I. Politics, Religion and War
 The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) ended
the long conflict between the Hapsburgs and the
Valois.
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Spain was the victor because it acquired the most
territories.
To pay for the Hapsburg-Valois wars Francis I
imposed a land tax (taille)
Sold government offices creating a tax exempt
“nobility of the robe”
Concordat of Bologna
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Francis gained power
to appoint Bishops, a
source of offices for
Patronage.
(this demonstrates
the centralizing of
power of monarchs
over the clergy)
France in Turmoil
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French monarchs in the second half of the
16th century were weak.
French nobles became protestant to try and
gain independence and wealth
Catherine de Medici rule her three sons while
they were in power.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre epitomized
the religious differences.
War of Three Henry’s
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Civil War followed
after the St.
Bartholomew’s Day
massacre.
Ended with King Henry
IV converted to
Catholicism and issued
the Edict of Nantes,
protecting Huguenots.
Beginning of the
Bourbon dynasty in
France
Revolts in the Netherlands
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Calvinism made rapid
success among the
wealthy merchants. (work
ethic)
Phillip II of Spain
appointed his half-sister
regent to the Netherlands
in 1559.
She raises taxes and
brings in the inquisition.
Calvinists revolted and
Phillip sent the Spanish
army there.
England aided the
Protestants under attack.
Margaret, regent of the Netherlands
Revolt in Spanish Netherlands
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William of Orange – Leads
the Protestant revolt
against Phillip.
Queen Elizabeth sends aid
to the Protestants to help
fight the Catholics.
This antagonizes Phillip to
attack England.
Phillip has the Escorial built
near Madrid
Phillip sends his Spanish
Armada to England in
1588.
Revolt in the Netherlands (1566-1587)
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Phillip creates a grand
navy to crush the “heretics
of the north.”
He launches his Spanish
Armada in 1588 and is
defeated by bad weather.
Turns the tide of Atlantic
control. (England)
Phillip II of Spain
The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
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By the 17th century Calvinists, Lutherans, and Catholics
were violating the Peace of Augsburg
H.R.E. Emperor Ferdinand II shuts down Protestant
churches in Bohemia that starts the war.
Four Phases of the War:
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Bohemian Stage – utterly defeated with the help of the Spanish
The Danish Stage - defeated with alliances between Denmark,
England, and France. ( Ferdinand issued the Edict of
Restitution)
The Swedish Stage – Gustavus Adolphus led the Swedes into
Germany with aid from the French (came to a draw)
The French Stage – With Adolphus killed the French continued
to wage war against the Hapsburgs.
Austrians raiding a town in Bavaria
The Peace of Westphalia
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Recognized the Netherlands as independent
Made 300 German princes sovereign
France became the victor because they gained
Alsace and Loraine from the Hapsburgs.
Reinforced the Lutheran church but also
recognized the Calvinist church.
The 30 Years’ War was the worst economic and
social disaster for Germany suffered before the
20th century.
Discovery, Reconnaissance, and Expansion
• Explorers’ Motives
– “God, gold, and glory”
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Overpopulation did not motivate the explorers
The Crusading drive was one force
Renaissance curiosity
Get rich through the spice trade
Seeking to Christianize Muslims, import gold from
West Africa
• East was closed by Ottoman- must look for water
route to Asia.
Map of the World 1550
Warm Up
• Write an introductory paragraph and thesis
statement for the following thematic essay
question in less than 10 minutes….
• In the 15th century Europeans began to
explore the “open seas”. What factors
contributed to this fascination.
Technological Advances
• Astrolabe – astronomical
instrument tool to tell
distance between star and
horizon.
• Cannon –
• Magnetic Compass –(returns
from China with Marco Polo)
• New ship
– Caravel, Galleon, and
Carrack allows ships to sail
against the wind by
“tacking”
Prince Henry “The Navigator” (1420)
• A Portuguese Prince
that started a school for
navigation and aided
the Age of Exploration.
• Helped Portugal est.
trading posts down the
coast of Africa
• Partly responsible for
many voyages (da
Gama, Magellan, Diaz)
Christopher Columbus
• (1451-1506)
Genoese explorer,
who “discovers” the
Americas, but
believes he has
found a new route
around the world to
India.
•Should Columbus be considered a hero?
•3 Questions: What kind of man was he? What forces influenced
him? Did he achieve his goals?
•View video “12 men who dared”
*Research Explorers
Bartolomeu de Las Casas
• A Priest trying to establish missionaries in the new world
wrote accounts of the treatment towards the Native
Americans and the first to defend human rights.
Encouraged Africans to be used as slaves.
Results of Exploration
• European rule in the Americas:
– Within 50 years 90% of the population of all N.A.
will be dead.. (Guns, Germs, and Steel)
• Organized territory into 4 viceroyalties.
• Intendants – local officials in the new world,
who got authority from the crown.
• Quinto – tax o f 1/5 all gold found in new
world, went straight to crown
• Mercantalism – economic system where the
mother country trades with colonies and
colonies cannot trade with anyone else.
Fall of Spanish Empire
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A growing population meant more people needed to
be fed and clothed.
Gold and silver poured into Seville, (Spain) from the
New World; Antwerp was commercial trading center
Inflation grew rapidly due to the flooding of gold and
silver.
Spaniards went into the military or the church. A lack
of businessman and bankers due to the inquisition.
Nobility suffered due to fixed incomes, merchants
prospered, and poor fared worst of all.
• Colombian Exchange – the exchange of plants,
animals, and diseases between the Old World and
the New World (hand out)
Commercial Revolution
• Influx of gold and silver into Europe
• Rise in capitalism (laissez-faire)
• Joint-Stock companies pooling money together
to finance trading posts (colonies)
• New industry; textile production, mining,
printing, rice, sugar, tea, ship building
• Mercantalism - economic system where the
mother country trades with the colonies and the
colonies are not allowed to trade with other
nations. Meant to lessen financial dependence on
other European Nations.
The Economy of the Atlantic Basin 1701
Women in the 17th century
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Manuals on marriage and the family place
women in the home.
It rejected the double standard of adultery
Urged marriage to be mutually, respectful
and trusted.
Arrangements made by parents are rejected.
Women are subservient to men still.
Protestants recognized a mutual right to
divorce as Catholics did not.
“The Age of Flesh”
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Protestant and
Catholic governments
licensed prostitution.
With the closing of
convents in Protestant
countries nuns only
acceptable occupation
was marriage.
The Great European Witch Hunt
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Witch hunting peaked between 1560-1600 when
thousands of “witches” were executed.
Reasons for the witch hunts.
 Witches explained inexplicable misfortunes
 Communities believed that woman were more
susceptible to the devil and lavish sexual activities.
 Communities persecuted non-comformists.
Woman were more susceptible to the Devil because
their sexually insatiable.
Swiss communities executed 5,417 women between
1450 and 1700.
Witch Craft of the 15 and 1600’s
What is the message of this quote?
I aim here only at revealing myself, who will
perhaps be different tomorrow, if I learn
something new which changes me. I have
no authority to be believed, nor do I want it,
feeling myself too ill-instructed to instruct
others.
“Of the Education of Children”
Literature and Art
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Essay: Michel de
Montaigne
A French nobleman who
wrote the essay to clarify
his own thoughts.
He was a skeptic that
rejected the notion that
any human being knew
the absolute truth.
Also rejected that one
culture is superior to
another in his essay “On
Cannibals”
Elizabethan and Jacobean Literature
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Literature and drama
flourished in England
under Elizabeth I and
James I
William Shakespeare
The King James Bible
Baroque art and music
Baroque Art (1600-1700)
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Art work that reflects light and shadowing.
Tries to draw emotions to the viewer.
Emphasized movement, strong value,
contrast, and science.
Leading Baroque artists are Caravaggio, Titian,
Rubens, and Rembrandt.
Baroque Music
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Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Grasped the spirit of the day; invention,
tension, and emotion. (not appreciated
during his time.)