Transcript 500BC-Persiansx - MrPawlowskisWorldHistoryClass

500 B.C.
Persia & Greece
Persian Empire
• The largest empire in the world
• It stretched from The Nile to the Indus River
• Persia: Present-day Iran
Persian Rulers
• Treated conquered
people with
tolerance Developed
an imperial
bureaucracy
• Built an extensive
road system
• Zoroastrianism
(religion)
Cyrus the Great
Persian King who defeated Babylon and ended
the Jews’ captivity.
Cyrus ruled from 559 to 530 B.C. and was a
great leader, hence the name Cyrus the
Great.
Ruling Style
He was very respectful of other cultures. Not
only did he free the Jews, but he also treated
conquered peoples fairly. He allowed them to
keep their own religions and customs.
This respect made the people who lived under
him respectful of his rule and less likely to
revolt.
Expansion of Empire under Darius I
Ruled from 521-486 B.C. added western India to
the Persian Empire.
Then added Thrace in Europe and expanded the
Empire to its greatest size. He also brought the
Persian Empire into conflict with the Greeks.
Satrapies
Darius divided him empire into provinces called
Satrapies to make it more manageable.
Each province was ruled by a governor called a
Satrap.
This man was the protector of the kingdom.
They collected taxes, provided justice
and security, and raised soldiers for the army.
Persian Military
The Persians had an elite military. It contained
people from all over the Persian Empire.
The Immortals
The Elite fighters of the Persian Empire.
They were so called because in battle their
numbers were never allowed to fall below
10,000 men. They were constantly replaced
from behind so they appeared to never die.
Tolerance
• Persian rulers allowed the people they
conquered to practice their own religions
and follow their own customs.
Bureaucracy
• A system of managing government through
departments run by appointed officials
• Darius divided his empire into provinces each
run by a governor (satrap)
Persian Road System
• Great Royal Road
• United the empire (provided a means of
communication, trade, and governmental control).
Zoroastrianism
• Early monotheistic
religion
• Battle between
good and evil;
darkness and light
Zoroaster
Ahura Mazda
• God of truth and light
Persian Capitals
Pasargadae
Persepolis
Greece Early Culture
5. Greek Culture
a. Due to the warm climate, the Greeks enjoyed and participated in outdoor activities
b.
c.
d.
e.
Due to terrain, the Greeks created city-states
Review: city-states operate much like independent countries
Due to city-states, the Greeks were a civilization but not an empire
The Greeks shared similarities in culture but politics and military differed by city
Greek City-States
Early Culture
f.
Greek epics, or narrative poems, celebrated heroic deeds and
characters
g. Homer wrote the Iliad (story of the Trojan Wars) and the Odyssey
Early Culture
i. Built Triremes: sturdy ships with battering ram in
front for battle
Greek Architecture
Where do you see similar structures today??
Early Culture
j.
k.
Greeks would pioneer democracy, philosophy, warfare, and
architecture
Greeks would fight many battles against the superpower at the time: The
Persians
Rise of the City-States
• By 750 BCE, Greece was
dominated by city-states (polis)
that included the major city and
the surrounding countryside
(numerous villages).
– Had approximately 20,000
people.
– Citizens could take part in government.
• Included free, landowning males
• Gathered at the fortified hilltop (acropolis) to
conduct business.
• Women had very few rights and slaves had no
political rights.
• As a result of overpopulation and the need for more arable
land, many city-states turned to colonization.
• City-states unified by language, culture, and religion, but not
politically.
• Different forms of government emerged throughout Greece in
the different city-states:
– Monarchy
– Aristocracy
– Oligarchy
– Direct Democracy
Rise of the City-States (cont.)
Monarchy:
• State ruled by a king.
• Rule was hereditary through
the king’s family.
• Some rulers claimed divine
right - their power to rule
comes from the gods.
• Example - Mycenae
Aristocracy:
• State ruled by the nobility.
• Rule is hereditary and
based on landownership.
• Social status and wealth
support rulers’ authority.
• Example - Athens (594
BCE)
Rise of the City-States (cont.)
Oligarchy:
• State ruled by a small
group of citizens.
• Rule based on wealth.
• Ruling group controls the
military.
• Example - Sparta
Direct Democracy:
• State ruled by the citizens.
• Rule based on citizenship
(free, landowning male).
• Majority rule makes
decisions.
• Example - Athens (461 BCE)
Greek Religion
• Greek religion is known as
mythology, based on exciting
stories that offered explanations
of natural phenomena, human
qualities, and life events rather
than moral guidance and an
afterlife.
• Mythology was expressed in
epic poems - the Iliad and
Odyssey
• Polytheistic (belief in many
gods) - gods walked the earth
with men who were concerned
most with keeping the various
gods happy.
Important Greek Gods
Zeus: Leader of
the gods
Hera: Wife of Zeus,
protector of marriage
Important Greek Gods (cont.)
Athena: Goddess of
wisdom and poetry
Apollo: God of sun
and poetry
Important Greek Gods (cont.)
Aphrodite: Goddess
of love
Poseidon: God of the
seas
The Role of Gods
• Gods were the center of Greek
life with each city dedicating
itself to one god or goddess
(Athens = Athena).
– It was important to keep the
gods happy.
– Built temples and had
festivals to honor them.
• Starting in 776 BCE,
Greeks got together every
four years in Olympia for
a sports festival to honor
Zeus.
Persian Wars
490 BC- 479 BC
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Who Fought?
• The Persians Fought against the
Greeks
–Persia was ruled by Darius and
Xerxes
–Greeks- Athenians, Spartans,
Ionians
What caused the
Persian War?
• Persia controlled Ionia but Greeks
were already living there.
• in 499BCE when Persian King Darius
raised taxes, the Ionian Greeks got mad
and revolted
–Athens backed them up
• Persians crushed the revolts
Causes
• Darius
wanted
revenge on
Athenians for
helping so
attacked
mainland
Greece.
Major Battles
1. Battle at Eretria–
City north of Athens
was burned by the
Persians
–Angered Athens asks
Sparta for help
Major Battles
2. Battle of Marathon: Sparta
and Athens work together
– Persia- 25,000 soldiers
–Greeks- 10,000 soldiers
–Phalanx battle formation gave
the Greeks the victory
• 6,400 Persians died
• 192 Greeks died
Phalanx Formation
Part 2: Persian War
• 10 years later
• Xerxes, son of Darius
vowed revenge.
• Brought between
100,000-300,000 troops
through a narrow
mountain pass
Battle at Thermopylae
• 3,300 Greeks led by the Spartans
held them off at a narrow pass in
Thermopylae.
–A traitor told Persians of another
way around
–Many Greeks retreat but 300
Spartans stood strong.
–They all died
Battle at Salamis
• Athens is evacuated and
fought at sea.
• Athenians had a powerful
navy
• Greeks fought with new
ships called Trireme.
–Triremes punched
holes in Persian ships
and sink a third of the
ships.
Battle of Plataea
• While Athens crushed the
Persians at Sea, Spartans
were on the plain of Plataea
and crushes the rest of the
Persian army
• Xerxes retreats
Pheidippides
• Ran to Athens from
Marathon = 26 miles
• Told them of the
victory
• Died after giving the
news
* This is why marathons
are now 26 miles!
Battle Summary:
Greeks 3 – Persians 3
Battle
Winner
Ionia
Persia
Eretria
Persia
Marathon
Greece
Thermopylae
Persia
Salamis
Greece
Plataea
Greece
Effects of the Persian
Wars
• Greece victory creates a sense of
unity
• Athens had control of what was left
of Greece through leadership of
the Delian League.
• Delian League- an agreement that
the remaining Greek city states
would help each other
Classical Greece
Outcome:
The Athenian Golden Age
The Athenian Golden Age
1. Setting the Stage
a.
b.
The Greek Civilization was a collection of city-states
Athens and Sparta were two of the most powerful cities for different reasons
On the Road to Democracy
• Draco (a judge) wrote the first code
of laws around 622 BCE that favored
the upper classes.
• In 594, Solon wrote a code that did
the following:
— Outlawed slave debt.
— Allowed more citizens to participate
and debate policies in the Athenian
assembly.
— Allowed citizens to bring charges
against wrongdoers.
— Encouraged the export of grapes and
olives, which started an overseas
trade that was profitable.
— Limited the power of the nobility.
On the Road to Democracy (cont.)
• General Pisistratus took
over as a tyrant in 546
BCE by gaining the
support of the poor:
– Provided money to help
peasants to buy farm
equipment.
– Taxed agriculture
production.
– Launched building
program to employ the
poor.
• Cleisthenes continued reforms
in 508 BCE, establishing the
first true democracy-“the father
of Athenian democracy.”
– Took away power from the
nobility in the assembly more equality.
– Allowed all citizens to
submit laws for debate in the
Athenian Assembly.
– Created the Council of 500,
which administered the laws
and performed the everyday
business of government.
– Established a jury system for
court trials.
Pericles
Father of Democracy
• “Here each individual is
interested not only in his
own affairs but in the
affairs of the state as
well……”
• He extended
democracy;
most adult
males had an
equal voice in
government
Funeral Oration 431 B.C.-Famous speech
The Athenian Golden Age
2. Athens
a.
From 477 to 431 B.C., Athens experienced a growth in intellectual and
artistic learning. This was known as the Golden Age of Athens.
b. Pericles: held power in Athens for 32 years
i.
Goals:
1. Strengthen Athenian Democracy
2. To hold and strengthen the empire
3. Glorify Athensa.Architecture: The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis
b.Direct Democracy was introduced under Pericles
Athenian Acropolis
The Athenian Golden Age
3. Sparta
a. Sparta was a military city-state
b.
Sparta had a better army than Athens; Athens had the better navy
c. Weren’t Builders
d. Due to its inland location, Sparta could not be
attacked by sea
e. Many men in Sparta were soldiers for life
The Athenian Golden Age
4. Peloponnesian War: Athens vs. Sparta
a.As Athens grew, city-states viewed it with hostility
b.Sparta declared war in 431 B.C.
c.Sparta marched to Athens and burned food supply
d.Plague hits Athens in 2nd year of the war- 1/3rd die
including Pericles
e.421 B.C. a truce is signed but doesn’t last long
f. In 413 B.C Athens’ navy is decimated at Syracuse
(Spartan ally)
g.Athens survives for 9 more years but surrenders to
Sparta in 404 B.C.
Peloponnesian War
The Athenian Golden Age
5. Philosophers
a.
After the Peloponnesian War, many Athenians lost confidence in democracy
b. Great thinkers known as philosophers began to
seek truth
c. Philosophers (lovers of wisdom) had two
assumptions
i.
The universe is put together in an orderly way, and subject to
absolute and unchanging laws
ii. People can understand these laws through logic and reason
The Athenian Golden Age
d. Important philosophers
i.
Socrates
1. “The unexamined life is not worth living”
2. In 399 B.C. brought to trial for “corrupting the youth of Athens”
3. Jury condemned him to die: drank hemlock (poison)
The Athenian Golden Age
ii. Plato
1. Student of Socrates
2. Wrote “The Republic” –perfectly governed society
3. Pupil- Aristotle
The Athenian Golden Age
iii. Aristotle
1. Questioned the nature of the world
2. Invented method of arguing according to rules of logic
3. His work provides basis of the scientific method today
4. Pupil- Alexander the Great
Greek Art
• Sculptors tried to
create graceful,
strong and
perfectly formed
art.
• Tried to capture
movement and
sculpted bodies in
what they thought
was perfect
physical form
Greek Art
• Greek art reflected:
– A. Order
– B. Balance
– C. Proportion
• This is why Greek
art
works are
examples of
CLASSICAL ART
Greek Drama
• Greeks invented drama
and built the first theaters
in the west
• Greeks wrote 2 kinds of
plays:
– 1. Tragedy – a serious
drama about themes like
love, hate, war or
betrayal
– 2. Comedy – dramas
filled with humor and
were satires which
means they poked fun
at customs or respected
people
Greek Drama
• Famous play
writes
– Drama –
Aeschylus,
Sophocles
– Comedy –
Aristophanes
• Plays were
performed in
outdoor theaters
Greek Contributions to Western Civilization
Math
• Made major strides in human understanding.
• Pythagoras showed how things could be explained using math.
– Pythagorean Theorem - a2 + b2 = c2
• Euclid used geometry to explain shapes and forms.
– His book Elements was the standard text for geometry into the
1900s.
Science
• Hippocrates - the father of western
medicine
– Presented two principles for the
study of medicine:
•Using symptoms to identify the
illness and prescribe the cure.
•Devoting all efforts to benefit all
patients.
– The Hippocratic Oath is taken by
doctors vowing to practice medicine
ethically.
• Democritus - formulated the atomic
theory
– Theorized that all matter is
composed of smaller atoms.
Science (cont.)
• Archimedes - mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor,
and astronomer.
– Estimated the value of π.
– Discovered the law of the lever and invented the
compound pulley to lift heavy objects.
History
• Herodotus - known as the father
of history.
– Traveled to do research and
collect information on the
Persian Wars.
– Depicted events and people in
Egypt, Persia, and Greece.
– His book, The History of the
Persian Wars, offered a
dramatic version of the warincluded gods.
•Not objective, his
interpretation was proGreek.
Thucydides
• Greek
historian
• Wrote about the
Peloponnesian
War
• Tried to be fair
to both sides
“I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the
applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time"
Architecture
• Greek architecture is best known for
columns:
– Doric
– Ionic
– Corinthian
• The Parthenon serves as the most exceptional example of
Greek architecture.
– A temple dedicated to Athena.
– Contained a 40-foot statue of Athena sculpted by Phidias.