Transcript the internet

The Internet and the World
Wide Web
Chapter 12
© 2009, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
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A Brief History of the Computer
The Internet
Structure And Features of the Internet
The Evolving Internet
Economics
Feedback
Social Implications
The Future: The Evernet
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
COMPUTER
• Earliest computers were basically adding
machines
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Pascal’s arithematique
Babbage & Byron’s analytical engine
Hollerith’s punch cards
Aiken’s Mark I
• Transistors, integrated circuits (1950s)
– Personal computers (1970s)
• Modem
• Local Area Networks (LAN)
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THE INTERNET
• The Internet is a network of computer
networks
• No one owns or run the Internet
• There is no “Internet company”
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From ARPANET to Internet
(1 of 2)
• Cold War idea: keep vital computer
networks connected
– Decentralized
– Information bundled in Internet Protocol
packets
– ARPANET (Advanced Research projects
Agency Network)
• 1980s NSF (National Science Foundation)
– More widespread network
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From ARPANET to Internet
(2 of 2)
• 1990s key developments
– World Wide Web and hypertext
– Browsers
– Search engines
• Mid-2000s
– Internet more popular than ever
– 2005: more than 400 million host computers
connected to web
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STRUCTURE AND FEATURES OF
THE INTERNET
• TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol
– Allows computers to talk with other computers
• Access to the Internet
– ISPs (Internet Service Providers)
– OSPs (Online Service Providers)
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E-Mail
• Electronic mail (e-mail)
– Fast, cheap, reliable
– Can send text, graphics, and much more
• Drawbacks
– Not suited for all message content
– Not as private as letters
– Spam
– Time loss
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Newsgroups
• Internet equivalent of bulletin boards
– Based on themes, or specialized topics
– People read and post messages
– More than 40,000 newsgroups
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World Wide Web
• WWW: network of varied information sources
– Hypertext allows nonlinear linkages
• The web is part of the Internet (terms not
synonymous)
– WWW includes Web sites, web pages, home pages,
portals
• URL: Uniform resource locator
– www.uga.edu (University of Georgia)
• 3.3 billion pages by 2006
– 85% in English, German, French, Japanese
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Online Service Providers
• OSPs key during formative years of
Internet
– Provide exclusive information and
entertainment plus access to Internet
– AOL (America Online) was biggest OSP
• At its peak, AOL had 29 million subscribers
• Now a free service
– MSN (Microsoft Network) 2nd largest OSP
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THE EVOLVING INTERNET
• Predictions are risky
• Most experts agree on a few trends likely
to change the web
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Broadband
• Internet transmission channel fast enough for
the large information transfers required by
– Video-on-demand, interactive TV, streaming video,
downloadable movies
• Broadband access is by satellite modem, cable
modem, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
• 2007: 50% of US homes have broadband
– US lags behind 24 other countries
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Going Mobile: The Wireless Web
• Wireless Internet access will increase as
wireless technology becomes more
common
– Laptop computers, cell phones, PDAs
– WiFi: Wireless Fidelity
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Web 2.0
• New, interactive ways of using the Internet
– Second-generation web services, reflecting
sharing and collaboration
• Social networking sites
• User-generated sites
• Group-effort sites
• Web 1.0 was about consuming content; Web 2.0
is about generating and sharing content
• To entrepreneurs, Web 2.0 = site representing
little risk and huge rewards potential
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Monetizing the Web
• Monetizing: Converting something to
money
• Investors and many web site operators
want to convert visitors into monetary
reward
– Different web 2.0 sites approach monetizing
differently
• Fees for extra services, display advertising,
sponsored links, etc
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Blogs
• Blogs (weblogs) allow people to produce
their own journals about whatever they
want.
– A web 2.0 application
– Almost anyone can become a mass
communicator
– Blogging took off when software made it easy
to create and post blogs
– “Blogosphere” doubles every six months
– Blogs have influenced traditional media
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Voice-Over-Internet-Protocol
(VOIP)
• Supports telephone calls over broadband
Internet connections
– Cable systems and Internet providers
– Cheaper than traditional phone services
– Quality and reliability may not be as high
– Vulnerable to spam, viruses, hackers
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ECONOMICS
• We will look at the impact of the Internet
on the national economy, e-commerce,
and then the finances of individual web
sites
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The Internet and the National
Economy
• About 40% of publicly-traded Internet
companies profitable (E-Bay, Expedia,
Yahoo)
• Traditional companies use Internet more
effectively
• Traditional stores use Internet as
additional revenue stream
• Internet can be an effective business tool
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E-Commerce
• Selling goods and services online
• Two types
– Traditional consumer commerce
– B2B (business-to-business), or E-business
• Consumer e-commerce $240 billion
worldwide by 2007
• B2B e-commerce $2 trillion worldwide by
2006
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Web Site Economics
• Main ways to make money over the
Internet
– Site subscription
– Product/service sales
– Advertising sales
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FEEDBACK
• Audience data provided by
– ComScore
– Nielsen/NetRatings
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Audiences
• 2/3 of US adults use the Internet daily
• More than 80 million adults use Internet on
any given day
• Internet audience mirrors US population
demographics
• Top 5 activities: email, news, shop, pay
bills, send instant messages
• Web 2.0: increased popularity of blogging,
sharing videos, social networking is likely
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SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
• The social implications of the Internet are
constantly changing, but some are clear:
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A New Model for News
• The Internet supplements surveillance
function of news media
– Any blogger can become a reporter
– “Top-down” model of news has shifted: news
can start at source and go “sideways” to
anyone
– Blogs provide checks and balances for
traditional media
• The Internet also expands the media’s
interpretation function
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Lack of Gatekeepers
• Gatekeepers serve as evaluators of
information
– Without gatekeepers, the Internet can be
overwhelmed with unwanted messages
– We must evaluate the credibility of online
information ourselves
– No gatekeepers = no censorship
• Can provide additional information, but may be
partisan
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Information Overload
• The Internet is an unparalleled information
retrieval source
– We might retrieve so much information on a
subject that we are overwhelmed rather than
helped
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Privacy Concerns
• Internet databases provide information
about many people
– Identity theft is more easy
• Laws and regulations have been
discussed
– Some say that voluntary guidelines are better
than laws
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Escapism and Isolation
• Internet addiction
• Some early studies found heavy Internet
users to show signs of isolation and
depression
– Subsequent studies did not find the same line
– Many people go online to engage with others
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THE FUTURE: THE EVERNET
• The Evernet is the successor to the
Internet
– Also called the Supranet or Internet II
– Convergence of wireless, broadband, other
devices
– Will result in being continuously connected to
the Internet, anywhere, with any information
device
• Staggering implications
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