Transcript 2) What problems plagued Rome in the 70s BC?

Republic to Empire
Bell Work
HW: Finish WIO
TITLE: Topic #1, End of the Republic
• WAR: Read p. 322-323 and answer the following
questions:
• 1) Who was Cicero?
• 2) What problems plagued Rome in the 70s BC?
HW: Finish WIO
TITLE: Topic #1, End of the Republic
• WAR: Read p. 322-323 and answer the following questions:
• 1) Who was Cicero?
• 2) What problems plagued Rome in the 70s BC?
• 3) How might Cicero have been more successful in his efforts to
improve Rome?
Disorder in the Republic
Military becomes less disciplined and
disloyal
-Soldiers recruited from the poor; show
loyalty only to their generals
-Riots increased
-Massive migration to the city
Julius Caesar
• Military leader Julius Caesar is
elected consul in 59 B.C.
• Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey
form Rome’s 1st triumvirate—a
group of three leaders.
• Military victories give Caesar
increasing popularity and power.
Challenges to Caesar
• Alliance with Pompey and Crassus lasted only 10 years
• Pompey’s allies in government ordered Caesar to give up
command of his army
• Caesar refused and marched into Italy (crossed the Rubicon).
• There was no turning back, and war was certain, as Roman
law stated that no army could enter Rome.
• Pompey and his army fled, but Caesar caught up to him and
defeated him in Greece in 48 BC
Challenges to Caesar
• Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C.
Julius Caesar
Love to Hate Him
• Caesar makes
reforms: grants wider
citizenship, creates
jobs for the poor, and
creates calendar.
• Group of senators
opposes Caesar and
murders him on March
15, 44 B.C.
WIO: Create a Hero or Villain poster for Julius
Caesar. If you consider him to be a villain you will
create a Wanted poster. If you think he was good,
•you will create a Hero poster.
Your poster must include:
-A sketch of what the person probably looks like.
-A reward amount listing the specific crime or heroic action the
person did.
-A made-up quote from a person living at the time showing what
people might have said about this person.
-The approximate date this poster would have been found.
-A written description of what the person has done in their life.
Pre-AP WIO
• WIO: Determine whether you believe Caesar to be a hero or a villain
and write a paragraph to justify your answer.
• *IF WE HAVE TIME, be ready to participate in a debate as a class.
WAR: Answer the following questions.
1. Why was Caesar killed?
2. How did most Romans feel about his death?
3. Why did Octavian turn against Antony?
End of the Republic
• 43 B.C. Caesar’s supporters take control;
become Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc
Antony, Lepidus and take action against
those who murdered Caesar
• Riots broke out and the Senate
Tried to restore order quickly.
.
The Soap Opera: Antony and Cleopatra
• After Caesar’s death, Antony and Octavian defeated the men
who killed him at Philippi and took control of Rome in 42 BC
• Octavian returned to Italy while Antony fought enemies in
the east
• 40 BC: Antony married Octavian’s sister, but divorces her 8
years later to marry Cleopatra, queen of Egypt
• Octavian sees this as a personal insult and declares war on
Antony
• Battle of Actium, 31 BC: Antony is defeated and he flees back
to Egypt where both he and Cleopatra commit suicide
Emperor Augustus
• After Antony’s defeat, Octavian is Rome’s sole ruler with limitless
power
• Takes the role of princeps (first citizen)
• 27 BC: says he is giving power back to Senate, but he really doesn’t
• Senate gives him a new name “Augustus”, which means “revered
one”.
• This event marks the end of the republic and the beginning of the
Roman Empire!
Growth of the Roman Empire
• Roman territory continues to expand
• Early 100s AD- Rome takes over Gaul (France) and central
Europe, most of Britain, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, eastern
coast of Mediterranean, and all of N. Africa
• Conquests promoted trade
• Used money and coins, which increased trade
• Pax Romana: 200 years of Roman Peace and prosperity
• Population grew, quality of life improved
Rome’s Accomplishments
Science &
Architecture & Literature &
Law
• Draw the following
side of your ISN
Engineering
Art chart on the WOW
Language
Science
• Calendar
• Studied plants and animals for farming
• Studied the body to improve medicine
- Galen studied the heart and noted differences
between arteries and veins; described the aorta as "a
trunk divided into many branches and twigs" that
nourished the body.
History of the Capillary Wall
Engineering
• Cement – mix of lime and volcanic ash and rock
• Durable roads b/c of layers
• Strong bridges
• Aqueducts to move water
• Combined arches to create vaults (support roof
of building)
Arches
• The design of the arch allowed the weight of buildings
to be evenly distributed along various supports,
preventing massive Roman structures like the
Colosseum from crumbling under their own weight.
Aqueduct
• The Romans enjoyed many
amenities for their day,
including public toilets,
underground sewage
systems, fountains and
ornate public baths. None of
these aquatic innovations
would have been possible
without the Roman
aqueduct.
The Pantheon
Vault
•A vault was a
combination of
arches used to
create huge, open
spaces within
buildings
Architecture
• Copied Greek designs
- columns, marble
• Colosseum
• mosaics and paintings (frescoes)
• Portraits
• Sculptures
Literature & Language
• Aeneid by Virgil
• Ovid – Roman mythology poems
• Horace – poems about enjoying life
• Wrote histories, speeches, dramas
• Wrote in Latin
• Spoke ROMANCE languages – Italian, French, Spanish,
Portuguese,
Law
• greatest influence on the US today
• Create civil law, or written law
• Tripartite (three parts)