Transcript Greece - Liz Collins' Classroom Website! :)

Greece
World History
Summer 2012
Collins
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• The Greeks were
the first to glorify the
AVERAGE person—not
just the gods, not just
important people, not
just the rich…AVERAGE,
EVERYDAY PEOPLE!
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• A child… pulling
a thorn from his
foot.
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• Zeus
Notice that despite the
fact that he is a god,
he is depicted as a
HUMAN MAN.
No more and no less.
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Remember the work of the Egyptians?
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How does the work of the Egyptians differ from the work of the Greeks?
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• Parthenon
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• Amphora
Depicts the story
of Ajax
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Greece
• Geography shaped Greek civilization
– In a sense, Greeks did not live on land but
around a sea.
– Water
• A source of food, trade, simple transportation…a
link with other societies.
• (Remember, Greece is short on resources. The
Greeks had to gather them from others.
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• The mountains, which served as natural
barriers and boundaries, dictated the
political character of Greece.
• From early times the Greeks lived in
independent communities isolated from
one another by the landscape. Later these
communities were organized into poleis
or city-states
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Greece
• About 3/4th of Greece is covered with
mountains—mountains which divide
Greece into a number of different regions.
– Makes it difficult to unite as one people under
one government.
– Only things that will grow: olives, grains, and
grapes.
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• The climate
– The Greek way of life—especially for men—
was an outdoor life. Temperatures moderate
year-round. Remember: the Olympics began
there 10s of thousands of years ago.
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• Church located in Greek agora.
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• Remember the theme of Geography when
you think of the Greeks. We are, to a large
extent, shaped by the environment that we
live in.
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• What about home life?
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• Greek city houses of the 6th and 5th
century b.c. were usually modest in scale
and built of relatively inexpensive
materials. They varied from two or three
rooms clustered around a small court to a
dozen or so rooms.
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• City house exteriors presented a plain
facade to the street, broken only by the
door and a few small windows set high. In
larger houses the main rooms included a
kitchen, a small room for bathing, several
bedrooms which usually occupied a
second floor, the men's andron for dining,
and perhaps a separate suite of rooms
known as the gynaikonitis for the use of
women.
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• The evening meal might be followed on
special occasions by a symposium, a
drinking party organized by the host for his
male guests. The participants reclined on
couches arranged around the sides of the
room.
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• So, Greece is really a collection of islands.
The largest?
– Crete
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• Ruins of Ancient Cretan palace @ Festos
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• Civilization that flourished there is referred
to as Minoan after the famous King Minos,
one of their first and most legendary of
Kings
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• Life for the Minoans was good. Paintings
covered the walls of buildings throughout
the city and show us a lively people with a
zest for athletic contests, festivals, and
stylish dress.
– Women enjoyed a level of equality that was
rare in the ancient world.
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• At Knossos, pipes carried water for
bathing, and even for a flush toilet.
– But, Cretan life ended abruptly. Some believe
that there was a natural disaster (think stories
of Atlantis). Others believe that there might
have been invaders.
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• Groups of people began to move onto
mainland Greece around 2000 B.C.
– During this period, the people were often
referred to as Mycenaeans after their most
important city: Mycenae.
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• What qualities made Mycenae an
excellent and safe city in which to live?
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• It was a sort of palace fort—able to
withstand almost any invader.
• Similar palace-forts dotted the
Southernmost part of Greece.
– In each lived a warrior King.
– What was life like for nobility in these palaceforts?
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• War was the business of warrior-Kings
and the greatest of these wars was known
as the Trojan War in which Athens and
Troy went to war with each other.
– Why?
– Schliemann. Who was he?
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• Around 1200 B.C., palace after palace
was attacked. It is believed that the very
same mysterious people known as “the
people of the sea” were responsible—the
very same people who had taken down
the Egyptians.
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• The Dorians (migrations)
• Homer…..
– Tell me a little
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• Greek Myth
– A way to teach the young not just a collection
of fun stories. (Think: Odysseus)
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Your job:
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– Read a myth of your choosing. (Points will be
lost for repeats so try to be original)
– The myth must be Greek.
– Please know that there are two kinds of
myths:
• Hero/Heroine and monster-based myths (Perseus,
Medusa, Achilles, Ajax, Theseus, Pandora, and
Jason and the Argonauts to name a few)
• God-based myths. These are, largely, stories that
center around a variety of the gods—there are 12
major gods according to the Greeks.
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• I would prefer that you read a herobased myth as opposed to a god-based
one.
• See me if you would like to do a the
latter.
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– Write-up (extended—8-10 facts, longer
paragraph and two (2) images):
• Think:
– Who?.......Who are the main characters? Who is the
Hero? Why do you think of him as a hero? What makes a
hero in your opinion?
– What?......What is the lesson to be learned? What is a
myth?
– Where?...Is there a journey involved?
– How?......How does the tale end?
– Why?.....Why did you choose this particular myth?
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• The Greek (or heroic) ideal
– Arete
– Glory in battle vs. glory in the athletic arena.
• The Pentathlon
– Broad jump, discus, javelin, sprint, and wrestling.
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• The gods:
– Greeks imagined their gods to be very much
like humans in most ways.
• The Greek gods struggled with human passions
and weaknesses-love, hate, anger, jealousy.
• They quarreled constantly with one another
• The 12 most powerful of these gods were said to
live atop a snow-capped peaked in Northern
Greece: Mount Olympus.
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• Unlike the Egyptians in many ways…how?
• Unlike the Egyptians, as well, the Greeks never
developed a powerful priest class. Instead,
priests in Greece were rather ordinary
bureaucrats. Not a lifetime job but, rather, one of
the many civic duties for a Greek citizen.
– Religion closely linked to government and civic pride.
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• And so, the Greeks managed to create a
society where there was both the time
(remember the importance of free time to
a civilization) and the urge to look for
beauty and meaning in life.
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• The created….with a capitol letter C.
• Buildings
• Paintings
• Sculpture
• …………..All in the classical tradition.
• Look up the word “Classical”
………………………………………discuss.
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• And, for the first time, really we see a
group a group of people who begin to look
inward at what it meant to be human—
Greek tragedy comedy, poetry, and more
explored the craziness of this thing we call
life.
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Greece
•
•
•
•
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
…….. ………………………choose one and
do a write up on that person.
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Greece and Rome
• Despite how incredible these people were,
despite creating Democracy as we know it
today, despite reaching greater heights
than anyone before them, eventually
Greek civilization would wane and give
way to an even greater group: the
Romans.
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Greece and Rome
• Yet, the Romans would owe everything
they were and would become to the
Greeks. Indeed, their gods would be those
of the Greeks—only with new names.
• Their architecture, sculpture—all would be
basically Greek. The Romans would
appropriate all of it and make it better.
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Rome
• So, Romans extended Greek culture.
• They were proud of their ability to rule—
their sense of Gravitas—dignity,
seriousness, duty. (Think of it in terms of
the Greek philosophy of Arete)
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Rome
• Legend has it that two brothers—Romulus
and Remus—in a fit of anger, would argue
over the 7 hills that would eventually make
up Rome. Romulus would win and would
name his city after himself: Rome.
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Rome
• Eventually, Rome and the Italian peninsula
would turn to the leadership of Kings.
• In 509 BC, however, in a great revolt,
those Kings would be driven out and a
group of people known as Patricians
would control the government. These
people—Aristocrats—would claim that
they and their families had been placed in
power by the hands of Romulus himself.
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Rome
• For 500 years, the Romans would govern
their city and the surrounding farmland as
a republic
• The history of this 5 centuries may be
divided into 2 periods:
– In the first (509-265 BC), Roman troops
battled for mastery over the peninsula, and
the plebeians would begin to seek more
power, more voice in their government.
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Rome
– In the second (265-44 BC), there would be
civil war, the power of army leaders would
increase and Julius Caesar would see himself
triumph over all others. During this period,
Rome would extend their power around the
Mediterranean.
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Rome
• Let’s look at the first period:
– It would be during this period that the Plebes
of Rome would see the creation of a written
code known as the 12 tables.
• Laws would be written down and placed in the city
center. Plebes would thus gain access to political
offices and gain the voice that had sought for so
long.
• (Prior to this, Plebes were barred from holding
office, commanding armies, serving as high
priests, etc.)
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Rome
• At their height, the Romans managed to
combine a Monarchy, an Aristocracy, and
a Democracy all into one very unique, very
Roman government:
• What do each of these three words mean?
• ………………………………..discuss.
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Rome
• Monarchy—what is it?
– Well, the office of Consul would take the place
of a king. There would, actually, be two of
them
– Like Kings, these two men controlled and
commanded the army and directed the
government. They had power of life and death
over the citizens during wartime and great
power during times of peace, as well.
– They could only hold office for a year..
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Rome
• What, in your opinion, are some of the
pros and cons of only one year in office?
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• Pro: Power could not remain in the hands
of one person for too long
• Con: Could not accumulate experience.
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Rome
• The concept of an Aristocracy would be
replaced by the Senate.
– Tradition said that Romulus himself had
picked out 100 patricians to advise him, thus
creating the first senate. Later, the number
increased and would include Plebes, as well.
– The Senate provided stability and continuity.
– The Senate had great power over both
domestic and foreign policy.
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Rome
• The Democratic side of the Roman
government was the Assembly. All citizensoldiers were members of this branch of
government.
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Rome
• At its height, the Roman empire would
stretch over 10,000 square mile and reach
up and into Great Britain, south and
across the waters of the Mediterranean to
Egypt and as far to the east and west as
people of that time could imagine.
• Indeed, the Romans welcomed additions
to their empire.
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Rome
• Pay taxes to Rome and she would give
you the protection of the most powerful
army on the planet, an economy, a strong
government, and allow you to speak your
own language, dress as was your custom
and pray to your gods.
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Rome
• This is not to imply that things were always
easy for the Romans. Battle and war were
a regular part of their lives. Creating and
keeping an empire required constant
vigilance. And LOTS OF MONEY.
– How do you get money? Raise taxes (often)
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Rome
• Indeed, Rome would struggle would with
both the Jews and the continuing spread
of Christianity—as monotheistic religions,
both of these posed serious problems for
the Romans. (See map)
• For the most part, however, they were
tolerated. The Jews for their part were
fiercely opposed to Roman rule.
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Rome
• In AD 66, a group of Jewish
revolutionaries called Zealots tried to
throw off Roman rule to no avail.
– It would take 7 years and half a million Jews
would die.
– It would be uprisings like this one, however,
and the constancy of them, that would begin
to crack the seemingly impenetrable armor of
the Romans.
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Rome
• In AD 130, the Emperor Hadrian ordered
that Jerusalem be rebuilt as a Roman
colony and that a shrine to Jupiter be built
in place of a famous Jewish temple. The
Jews rose up in rebellion.
– Another half million Jews would die in that war
and this would effectively end the Jewish
political state for 2000 years—yet, the religion
remained. Remember the word Diaspora?
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Rome
• In AD 313, the Emperor Constantine,
convinced that he had won a key battle
thanks to the help of Christ, would accept
Christianity. After doing so, he would give
all men the “freedom to follow the religion
of their choice”.
– This was known as the Edict of Milan.
– In AD 395 the Emperor Theodosius would
make Christianity the Empire’s official religion.
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Rome
• In AD 330 Constantine would move the
Capital of the Roman empire from Rome
to Byzantium. He would rename the city
Constantinople (after himself)
– See map.
• Locate Byzantium. Why might this city be a good
choice in terms of a new capital city?
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Rome
• 1. It stood at a crossroads for trade.
• 2. The city would be easy to defend
against attack as it was almost completely
surrounded by water.
• 3. Rome was a pagan city dedicated to
pagan gods and Byzantium
(Constantinople) was highly Christian.
• 4. Located in the more prosperous half of
the Empire.
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Rome
• Have you ever heard the phrase: “Divide
and conquer”?
– Well, it is a Roman philosophy and, often, it
was in just this way that the Roman army was
able to successfully defeat those who got in
their way.
– YET….isn’t that exactly what Constantine did
to the Empire? Divide it in half and leave it to
be conquered by the rebellious, the greedy,
the unhappy?
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Rome
• Eventual decline and fall of the Roman
Empire.
– It would take several stages for Rome to fall:
– 1. AD 200-300
• Economic decay. Trade would be disrupted for a
variety of reasons including rebellions and wars.
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• It seemed that no one was interested in the rather
plain goods that the Romans had to trade: wine,
cheese, glass. The Chinese, Arabs, and Indians,
however had luxuries such as silks, spices, and
jewels.
• INFLATION. The Romans, bottom line, were
importing more than they were exporting and that
is expensive. The Romans loved luxury and were
not the sort to go without.
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• 2. Military decay.
– AD 260.
– Major military losses.
– The military came to depend on
Mercenaries—people who fought not from a
sense of patriotism but, rather, simply for the
money.
• Remember, too, that it is entirely possible that
someone else might come along, pay them more
money and turn them on you!!
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• 3. Political decay
– No more loyalty
• Perhaps one of Rome’s most serious problems. At
one time, the Romans cared so deeply for their
Republic that they would gladly have sacrificed
their lives for her—now, all anyone could think
about was money and personal gain. APATHY.
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Rome
• By the 200s it cost money and a lot of it to run for
office and no one was interested in paying other
than military figures. In one 50 year period,
provincial armies and the Praetorian guard
proclaimed 50 generals to be Emperor.
– Of these, 27 briefly won the support of the Senate, 17
were murdered, and 2 were forced to commit suicide.
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• II. Time of revival:
– The Empire was divided into two parts—the
East and the West. During this period, the
Greek-speaking East was strengthened but
the Latin-speaking West weakened.
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• III. Western half of the Empire eventually
falls to invaders: Visigoths, Ostrogoths,
Vandallls, Huns.
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