Transcript File

Injury and Prevention
Health 2000
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5.
Distinguish ways to prevent fires and
reduce risk of injuries in case of a fire
Explain ways to reduce risk of injuries in
and around water
Describe procedures for emergency care
and lifesaving, including CPR, first aid, and
control of bleeding.
Identify ways to prevent situations that
might harm vision and hearing
Advocate for hearing and vision safety and
protection
Describe rules and laws intended to prevent
injuries
Standards covered
Each of these three elements must be present at
the same time to have a fire. A fire will burn until
one or more of the elements is removed.
Fuel
Any combustible material – solid, liquid or gas
Oxygen
The air we breathe is
about 21% oxygen –
fire needs only
16% oxygen
Heat
The energy necessary to
increase the temperature of
fuel to where sufficient
vapors are given off for
ignition to occur
There are 4 classes of fire:
Class A
Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material, such as
wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and some plastics.
Class B
Flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline,
kerosene, paint, paint thinners and propane.
Class C
Energized electrical equipment, such as appliances,
switches, panel boxes and power tools.
Class D
Certain combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, potassium, and sodium.
To Prevent Fires
Class
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Ordinary Combustibles:
• Keep storage and working areas free of trash.
• Place oily rags in covered containers.
Class
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Flammable liquids or gases:
 Don’t refuel gasoline-powered equipment in a confined space,
in the presence of an open flame, or while the equipment is
hot.
 Keep flammable liquids stored in a tightly closed container and
away from spark producing sources.
 Use flammable liquids only in well ventilated areas.
Class
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Electrical Equipment:
 Never install a fuse rated higher than specified for the circuit.
 Investigate any appliance or electrical equipment that smells
strange. Unusual odors can be the first sign of a potential fire.
 Utility lights should always have some type of wire guard over
them.
Class
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Flammable metals:
• Knowledge of the properties of the metals and using good
judgment and common sense will assist you in controlling or
avoiding potential fires/reactions.
Be prepared for a fire emergency
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Check the location of fire alarms and know how they work.
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Learn your building evacuation plan.
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Know where your two nearest exits are located.
Learn how doors swing and where stairs lead.
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Make sure nothing blocks fire pulls, extinguishers
and emergency exits.
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Learn the sound of your building fire alarm.
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Post emergency numbers (including security
and first aid) near your telephone.
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Make sure you know what to do if the fire alarm sounds.
Plan your escape.
When you notice a fire:
 Pull the nearest fire alarm “pull station” while exiting the floor.
 If there is no pull station:
Dial 911
Emergency Number
OR Alternate
Emergency Number
 Do not assume that anyone else has already called the
fire department.
 Stay calm and be prepared to answer the operator’s
questions regarding the emergency.
 EVACUATE !
When you hear the fire alarm:
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Leave at once, taking direction from
the emergency warden.
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Do not delay yourself by gathering
personal items. Your safety always comes first.
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Before you open any door, feel the door with the back of
your hand. If the door is cold, slowly open it a crack.
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If there is no smoke in hallways or stairwells, follow your
building’s evacuation plan. Get out quickly using
designated fire exits.
When you hear the fire alarm (continued):
 Close doors behind you, however do NOT lock the door. Locking
the door hinders the fire department’s search and rescue efforts.
 The stairway will be your primary escape route. Never, never use
elevators under any circumstances.
 Once in the stairway, proceed down to the first floor and out of the
building. Never go up.
If you are trapped in smoke or heat:
 Before you open any door, feel the door with the back of your hand.
If the door is warm to the touch, DO NOT attempt to open the door.
 Stuff the cracks around doors with towels, rags, clothing or tape,
and cover vents to keep out smoke.
 Stay low to the floor, and if possible, cover your mouth and nose
with a damp cloth or dust mask to help you breathe.
 If there is a phone in the room where
you are trapped, call the fire department
to tell them exactly where you are located.
Do this even if you see fire apparatus
on the street below.
If you are trapped (continued):
 Wait at a window and signal for help. Do not panic or jump!!
WAIT!
 If possible, open the window at the top
or bottom, but do not break it, you may
need to close the window if smoke rushes in.
 Be patient. Rescuing all the occupants
of a building can take several hours.
After a fire emergency:
 Once you are out of the building, STAY OUT!
Do not go back inside for any reason.
 Report to your warden for roll call at your
designated assembly point.
 Tell the fire department via your warden if you
know of anyone trapped inside the building.
 Only re-enter if and when the fire department tells
you it is safe to do so.
In the event of a fire,
your personal safety is your
most important concern.
Remember – you are
not required to fight a fire.
BEFORE you consider fighting a fire . . .
 Call the fire department.
 Confirm that the fire is small and is not spreading.
 Confirm you have a safe path to an exit not threatened
by the fire.
 You know what kind of
extinguisher is required
and the correct extinguisher
is immediately at hand.
NEVER fight a fire if . . .
 The fire is spreading beyond the immediate area in
which it started, or if it is already a large fire.
 The fire could block your escape route.
 You are unsure of the proper operation of the
extinguisher.
 You doubt that the extinguisher you are holding is
designed for the type of fire at hand or is large
enough to fight the fire.
•
Tips for preventing forest fires
1. Do not build a fire at a site in hazardous/ dry conditions
2. Do not build a fire if the area prohibits campfires
3. You should have a 10 foot diameter around the site you are
preparing free of dabree
4. Allow the wood to burn completely to ashes
5. Pour lots of water on the whole fire pit area
6. Pour until hissing stops
7. Stir the campfire with a shovel
8. If you do not have water use dirt or sand to cover the embers
9. Never burn aerosol cans or pressurized containers
10. Pack out your trash.
Wild fire prevention.
Safety around water
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Lack of Swimming Ability
Lack of Barriers
Lack of close supervision
Kids can drown in bathtubs, buckets, dog
dishes, and pools
Not knowing or aware of natural risks
Water temperature
Under tows
Rip Currents
Weather
Factors that influence Drowning
risk.
Alcohol Use (70% of deaths related to
water recreation involve alcohol.)
6. Failure to wear life jackets (most boating
deaths (88%) were caused by victims
not wearing a life jacket.
5.
Factors that influence Drowning
risk.
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Supervise when in or around water
Use buddy system
Learn to swim
Avoid Alcohol
Know the conditions of the water you are
jumping into
Know weather forecast.
Leave the water if you have cramps or are
tired
Check the depth before entering the water
Ways to Reduce Risks Around
water.
CPR/AED/First Aid
Training
by
Rob Sundquist, MS ATC LAT
Director of Sports Medicine/Head Athletic Trainer
Creekview High School

The chain of survival are four steps to
help increase the chances of an injured
person of surviving a cardiac arrest.
Chain of Survival
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After determining that there is an injury needing
advanced care; if unconscious tap and shout.
Call 911
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Questions you will need to answer:
Nature of the emergency?
Where are you?
How many are hurt?
Ages of who is/are hurt
Who are you?
Has treatment started?
Only hang up when instructed to do so by operator.
Chain of Survival – step one
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Begin CPR
Most adult cardiac arrests (CA) victims heart is
in ventricular fibrillation (VF) - Abnormal chaotic
heart rhythm that prevents the heart from
pumping blood.
CPR will not usually stop VF but plays an
important part in pushing oxygenated blood to
the brain and heart and prolonging VF so that
an AED will be useful.
CPR can double or triple the victims survival rate
For every passing minute without CPR; rate of
surviving drops 7-10%.
With CPR there is only a 3-4% drop each minute
Chain of Survival – step two
Use an AED
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The use of the AED will stun the fibrillating
heart, if the heart is still viable the normal
pacemakers in the heart will begin firing
and start a normal rhythm.
If used within 5 min; chances of survival is
49-75%.
Using an AED is simple.
Chain of Survival – step three

Advanced Care – EMS
◦ Response time is 7-8 minutes – CPR is
extremely important.
Chain of Survival – step four
How to recognize major
emergencies
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Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of
death in our nation.
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During MI - part of heart muscle is starting to die.
Caused by a blockage of an artery (coronary) due
to buildup of cholesterol deposits or a blood clot.
Victims are usually awake and can talk but feels
severe pain
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Most critical time is within the first 30
minutes after Sx begin.
Heart Attack
Myocardial infarction
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Most common symptoms
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Pain or pressure in the center of the chest – which last more
than 3-5 minutes.
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Pain might feel pressure, fullness, squeezing, or heaviness
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Pain might spread to shoulder, neck, lower jaw and down arm
(usually the right).
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Pain lasts 3-5 minutes. Sometimes will stutter, stop
momentarily but then begin again.

Other Sx – lightheadedness, fainting, sweating without
fever, nausea, shortness of breath
Most victims will downplay symptoms, you must take action!!!
Call 911, get the nearest AED, and have the person rest in a
position that is comfortable where they can breathe easily.

Put them in an area that you can get them to the floor
easily and paramedics can get in.
Heart Attack
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When the heart stops beating. Usually
caused by VF, which begins where the
heart muscle is injured.
Without blood flow and no pulse the
person becomes unconscious and stops
breathing and collapses.
VF and cardiac arrest may be the only
symptom of a heart attack.
AED is only thing that will stop a VF
Cardiac Arrest
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Its is a rapid onset of neurological
problems like weakness, paralysis in
one or more limbs, difficulty speaking,
visual problems, intense dizziness,
facial weakness, altered consciousness,
and severe headache.
Two causes
blood vessel to brain is blocked by a blood
clot
blood vessel to brain breaks
#3 cause of death and #1 cause of
serious disability among Americans
Stroke
Stroke
Most signs overlooked;
three major signs to
observe
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facial droop
arm weakness – most
obvious when victim
attempts to extend
arms with eyes closed
– one or both may not
move very well
speech difficulties –
slurring of words and
sentences
Call 911 immediately
if see signs of stroke
Provide CPR if needed
Usually caused by food, but can be caused by
many objects
Major signs
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Universal choking signal
poor ineffective coughs
inability to speak
high pitched sounds while inhaling
increased difficulty breathing
Blue lips or skin (cyanosis)
Loss of consciousness and responsiveness
Heimlich maneuver in conscious victim
CPR in unconscious victim
Foreign body obstruction
CPR - adult
Make sure area is safe
Check unresponsiveness – tap and
shout – “Are you alright”
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If no response – call 911 or send someone
directly to call
Grab AED if one present or send
someone to get one.
Step one
Step two
If possible place
victim supine
and on a hard
surface.
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If victim is prone
– roll over
Try protecting
the neck as much
as possible if you
suspect neck
injury
◦ C = Circulation
 If not breathing or see abnormal breathing begin chest
compressions
◦ Agnal breathing – gasps that occur at the beginning of CA – not
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efficient – act as they are not breathing
No checking for pulse or signs of circulation just go straight
to CPR
Place one palm on the chest between the nipple line
Interlock your other hand on top of the hand on the chest
Bring your shoulder over the top
Make sure you have a wide base (knees spread just outside your
shoulders)
Press down 1 ½ -2 inches at a rate of 100 compressions per
minute – hard and fast
Make sure chest recoils completely
Complete 30 compressions and then give two breaths.
Do not stop unless and AED is available, victim moves, or you
substituted out (if two rescuers are available – switch every five
cycles of 30:2 – approx two minutes) – reduces fatigue
Step 3 Begin CAB’s
◦ A = Airway
 Head tilt and Chin lift
◦ B = Breathing
 If you do not detect normal breathing – give two
breaths lasting 1 second each (may use barrier)
 Watch chest rise, allow exhalation before next
breath.
 If breaths do not go in – reposition head and try
again.
 Practice

Practice
◦ Practice compressions 30 times twice –
alternate with partner – no breaths
◦ 60 sec test – just compressions – try to get 95105 compressions – allows to learn rhythm.
Perform 1-2 times or as needed
◦ Two minute test – performing 30:2 (includes
breath) - should complete five cycles in that
time.

During the beginning stages of CA – chest
compressions are more important than breaths.
Oxygen level will stay high for the first few
minutes but blood is not moving to due to the
heart not pumping.
◦ Breathing becomes as important as the length of CPR
continues
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Very important to limit interruptions of chest
compressions.
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Be mindful not to give to many breaths, too
much breath or too forceful – may cause gastric
filling and the resultant complications, and/or
cause diminished blood flow and reduce survival.
Fast facts
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If someone does throw up – do not panic.
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Mouth to nose
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Face shields and masks – may be used -
◦ Roll victim towards you. Use your body to hold
them.
◦ Clean out the mouth – roll back and continue.
◦ Use when it is impossible to use the mouth due
to injury.
◦ Very little chance of transfer of bodily fluids if
perform mouth to mouth without mask.
◦ Using shield or mask can slow down the CPR
process
◦ “Chest compression only” CPR is more
beneficial than no CPR at all.
Vomiting/other breathing
If victim begins breathing and having a
pulse then turn victim to their side with
lower arm in front.
 No position is perfect- just make sure
they are stable, near a true lateral
position, and there is no pressure on the
chest to impair breathing
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Recovery position
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If two or more responders
◦ One stabilizes the neck – they will be in charge if
victim needs to be moved
◦ Place hands on the sides of the head and neck,
using your hands to cup around the neck.
◦ Place pressure on head with forearms near the ears
◦ Elbows should be on the ground, wrists in ulnar
deviation so that they come in contact with the
head.
 This will limit the amount of movement that will occur if
you have to move your body, for example moving so that
CPR can be administered or when EMS puts on a neck
brace.
◦ If movement is necessary then move body as one.
Potential neck injury
CPR – Child and infant

Similarities with Adult CPR
◦ Location on chest for compressions is the same – nipple line
◦ Ratio of compressions to breaths the same – 30:2
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Differences with Adult CPR
◦ In the chain of survival you will perform CPR first for two
minutes performing five cycles of 30:2 – then call 911 (if
you are alone)
 Reason is that most child and infant cardiac arrests are due from
asphyxiation, so they will benefit more from the CPR.
◦ The depth you use for compression is 1/3 to ½ depth of the
chest. Use one or two hands – which ever is more
comfortable.
Child CPR (ages 1-8)
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Similarities with adult CPR
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Similarities with Child
◦ 30:2 ratio of compressions to breaths
◦ Perform CPR first in the Chain of Survival, for the same
reasons.
 If small enough you may carry to phone with you after completing
the five cycles – use speaker phone
◦ Depth of compressions.
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Differences with CPR
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Practice
◦ You will perform chest compressions one finger below nipple
line
◦ You will place your mouth over mouth and nose of infant
◦ You will only puff air in
◦ If unsure if it is a child or not, if it can fit on your arm, then
treat as an infant
Infant CPR
Foreign Body Airway
Obstruction (FBAO)
Heimlich Maneuver
Universal sign of choking – hand
around throat
Ask questions
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Are you choking? Can you speak? May I
help you? – Very important.
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If they say no leave them alone until they
pass out – then it is assumed they want
help.
If a person can speak or can cough do not help
Choking
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Place yourself behind victim scissor you legs
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Front leg between victims legs
Slightly bend knees
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place hands on chest if woman is pregnant or victim is
severely overweight
Place hands on navel
Pull in and up
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If pass out lower them carefully to the floor begin CPR
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continue until object is out or they pass out
Use chest thrusts if you are unable to circumvent the
abdomen
Only difference with CPR is you check mouth for object
before breaths.
Finger sweep only if you see object.
Practice
Abdominal thrusts
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Infant –
Conscious – place infant on forearm with
babies mouth between fingers – back
blows to upper back
Unconscious –
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after back blows - five compressions –
look for object
give breath
repeat cycle – back blows, compressions, look
and breaths
Finger sweep if see object
Practice
Infant FBAO
Automated External
Defibrillator
AED
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Automated external defibrillator – is an
computerized defibrillator
it can analyze heart rhythm
recognize shockable rhythm
advise the operator whether the rhythm should be
shocked
very easy to use
AED’s computer chips analyze the rate, size
and wave shape of human cardiac rhythm.
will not shock a properly functioning heart
will not shock a heart that has stopped – VF is not
present
What is an AED?
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Place AED parallel to patients left ear
Power on the AED first
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Some automatically turn on when opened
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Remove clothing – to bear chest
Attach the AED to the patients chest with
electrode pads
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Be kind to females
Dry patient or shave chest in area of electrode placement
if needed
Place one pad above right nipple and one to the side and
below the left nipple. (CPR is continued up to the
point of placing the pads on)
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Analyze rhythm
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Make sure everyone is clear (must say “stand clear of the
victim”). No contact
Push analyze
Charge AED if shock is required (some machine charge
automatically)
Universal steps of AED use
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Shock if indicated – (after checking everyone
is clear again)
Begin CPR for five cycles then analyze again
If shock is advisable again you clear everyone
and shock
If shock is not advisable – continue with CPR
If victim has pulse and is breathing put into
recovery position.
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DO NOT take off pads or turn off AED until prompted
by EMS
AED Continued
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Water
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Must remove victim from water or wet surface
Dry before attaching pads
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Is victim lying on metal surface? – if so move victim
The metal surface may cause the shock form the AED to hit
you.
Metal surfaces
Children
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Children 8 and older use as soon as possible
Children 1-8 – CPR for two minutes before using AED
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Remove patch and wipe clean before attaching AED pads
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Do not place an AED electrode directly over implanted device.
Move at least one inch to the side of device
Transdermal medications
Implanted pacemakers and defibrillators
Practice
Special Considerations
First Aid
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Breathing difficulties
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Anaphylaxis
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Seizures
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Asthma problems are increasing
Most have medicines
May need assist victim is administrating
If symptoms continue to get worse call 911
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Severe reaction to allergen
Victim may have epinephrine injector
May need to administer
Call 911 if medicine is not administered
◦ General rules – 1) Prevent injury 2) ensure open airway
3) maintain open airway after seizure is completed –
place in recovery position
◦ Never try to restrain victim, place anything in the mouth.
Medical emergencies
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Bleeding
◦ Direct pressure best way
◦ If bleeding continues add more gauze or cloth;
do not remove gauze or cloth
◦ Use elastic bandage to apply pressure to gauze
and hold it in place.
◦ The use of tourniquets should be avoided
unless in extreme matters
◦ The efficacy of elevation and pressure points is
inconclusive; if used, use only in conjunction
with direct pressure and when there is no
apparent fracture or other underlying injury.
Injury emergencies
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Wounds and abrasions
◦ Irrigate wounds until free of any foreign
matter.
◦ Small wounds and abrasions should be cleaned
thoroughly then have triple antibiotic ointment
placed on it and covered.
◦ Larger wounds need to also be cleaned then
covered and taken to doctor for possible
stitches
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Burns
◦ Thermal burns
 Cool burn with cold water until pain ceases
 Do not cool for more than 10 min. Can lead to further
damage
 Burn blisters cover with loose gauze, but keep intact –
breaking them can lead to infection
◦ Electrical burns
 Make sure electrical current is shut off before trying to
help victim.
 CPR and defibrillation may be needed as well as burn
treatment
 All electrocution injuries should be checked out by a
physician
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Spine stabilization
◦ Suspect possible spinal injury if…
 Car accident
 Injured from fall greater than their height
 Complains of neck pain, tingling, or extremity
weakness
 Is not fully alert
 Appears to be intoxicated
 Appears frail or is >65 yrs old
 Has sustained a head injury
- Manually stabilize the neck until help arrives.
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Musculoskeletal trauma – sprains, strains,
contusions, fractures
◦ For sprains, strains, contusions – apply ice for 20.
 Sprains elevate and place compression bandage
 R.I.C.E. – rest, ice, compression, elevation
 If victim has aversion to cold – place wet cloth between
ice and skin
◦ Young kids and elderly especially susceptible
◦ Contusion you want to stretch the injury as well as
ice
◦ If you are unsure of the injury suspect fracture – do
not move or straighten injury. Place ice on area and
splint in position, send to ER.
◦ If suspect dislocation – splint as is and send to ER.
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Dental injuries
◦ Avulsed tooth
 Hold onto by the crown not the root (part
embedded into gum
 Rinse off with water (do not scrub)
 Either place back into socket or place in glass of
milk and see a dentist immediately
◦ Clean bleeding wound with saline solution or
tap water
◦ Use cotton to apply pressure to stop bleeding
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Snakebite
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Cold injuries
◦ Do not suck wound, it will only exasperate the problem
◦ In case of Coral snake – wrap a bandage around the extremity of the
bite – it will help slow the poison – then get to medical facility
immediately.
◦ Coral snake bites and sucks
◦ Other snake bites, wash area with soap and water, try not to move
extremity very much and get to medical facility.
◦ Hypothermia
 Immediately begin re-warming – remove wet clothes and wrap body surface
with anything at hand; get to medical facility immediately
 If far from medical facility you begin active warming – placing near heat
source, placing in warm (not hot) water.
◦ Frostbite
 Remove wet clothing, usually occurs on extremities, do not re-warm if there is
any chance it could freeze again or you are close to a medical facility.
 Use luke-warm water if you are far from medical facility
Environmental injuries
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Heat Injuries
◦ Heat cramps – muscle cramping, usually due to extreme
loss of fluids
 Get to cooler area
 Replace fluids
 Ice and stretch area
◦ Heat exhaustion
 Dizziness, could have flushed skin or cool and clammy,
disoriented, nausea, headache
 Get victim to cool area immediately
 Place ice on side of neck (carotid artery), arm pits, and groin
area
 Replace fluids
 Watch for shock; could lead into heat stroke
◦ Heat Stroke – medical emergency – call 911 immediately
 Extreme disorientation, possible unconsciousness, very little
sweating, internal temperature of >105.
 Cool down by any means
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Drowning
◦ Get victim out of water as soon as possible
◦ Begin CPR immediately
◦ If you are alone – finish five cycles of CPR
before calling 911
Poison control center – 1-800-2221222
 Chemical Burns
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◦ Brush off any powder and remove all
contaminated clothing
◦ Alki or acid exposure – rinse with copious
amounts of water.

Ingested poisons
◦ Do not ingest any medication; milk, activated
charcoal, syrup of ipecac unless instructed by
poison control
Poisons
Develops when there is not enough blood flowing to the cells of
the body
 Causes in adults;

◦ loss of blood
◦ heart attack,
◦ allergic reaction
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Symptoms
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Treatment
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feel cold and shiver,
feel weak, faint, or dizzy,
restless,
vomit,
feel thirsty
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Call 911
Put victim on their back
If not leg injury or pain raise legs 12 inches
Cover victim with blanket
If bleeding is visible – use direct pressure
Shock
Nearly one million Americans have lost
some degree of eyesight due to an eye
injury.
 2.4 million people a year experience eye
injuries

Describe Identify ways to prevent
situations that might harm vision
and hearing.

Most common Injuries
1. Flying objects (metal, glass, Plastic)
2. Air and wind blown particles
3. Tools
4. Harmful radiation (Welding arcs, uv Rays)
5. Eyelash curlers
6. Mascara
7. Fingernails
8. Lawn, garden and hand tools
9. Bungee cords
10. Falls and bumping into walls
11. Champagne corks
12. Battery acid
13. Toys and gams
14. Fireworks
Describe Identify ways to prevent
situations that might harm vision
and hearing.

Safety tips
1. Wear safety glasses

90% of reported eye injuries could have been
avoided if wearing eye protection
Describe Identify ways to prevent
situations that might harm vision
and hearing.

Hearing loss causes (approximately 50
million people live with hearing loss and
that number is projected to double by
2030)
1. NIHL (Noise-induced hearing loss)

When exposed to harmful sounds that are too
loud or loud sounds that last a longtime.
Describe Identify ways to prevent
situations that might harm vision
and hearing.

Decibel Chart
◦ Unsafe Sounds
1.
2.
3.
4.
◦
140-165 Firecracker, shotgun firing
140 Jet taking off
120 ambulance siren, thunderclap
110 Jack hammer, rock concert, symphony orchestra
Regular exposure of more than 1 minute at or above 110
decibels risks permanent hearing loss
5. 105 MP3 players at max volume
◦ No more than 15 minutes of unprotected exposure at or
above 100 decibels is recommended
6. 95 Subway platform
7. 85 Heavy city traffic, school cafeteria
◦ Prolonged exposure to any noise at or above 85 decibels
can cause gradual hearing loss
Describe Identify ways to prevent
situations that might harm vision
and hearing.

Decibel Chart
◦ Safe levels
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
75 dishwasher
70 hair dryer, vacuum
60 normal conversation
40 refrigerator
30 whisper
0 smallest sound a person can detect
Describe Identify ways to prevent
situations that might harm vision
and hearing.

Hearing safety and prevention
1. Block, Walk, Turn



Block the noise by wearing earplugs or
protective earmuffs
Walk away from loud noises or limit time spent
in noisy environments
Turn down the sound
2. Don’t stick foreign objects in the ear to clean.
3. Have your ears checked and cleaned by a
doctor.
Describe Identify ways to prevent
situations that might harm vision
and hearing.

Motor vehicle
◦ Traffic laws
◦ Boat safety
◦ Bike safety

Gun laws
◦ Permit registration
◦ Proper firearm training

Building codes
Describe rules and laws intended
to prevent injuries.