Transcript Seminar-Slides - PharmD Student PoRxtal

Introduction to PharmD Seminar
Colleen Culley, PharmD, BCPS
[email protected]
Sue Skledar, RPh, MPH, FASHP
[email protected]
What Do You Think?
I have had adequate practice in
pharmacy school with public
speaking.
I feel we should do more
presentations/seminars during
pharmacy school.
Curricular Ability Outcomes
PharmD Seminar is your “thesis”
•Ability Outcomes:
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Learner
Manager and Leader
Problem-solver
Educator and Communicator
Life-long Learner and Innovator
Learning Objectives
• Identify common seminar mistakes
• List strategies for an effective seminar
• Describe essentials of preparing good
slides
• List requirements for PharmD Seminar
• Describe topic selection for PharmD
Seminar
I am comfortable speaking in
front of an audience.
10 Worst Human Fears in the U.S.
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10.
Speaking before a group
Heights
Insects and bugs
Financial problems
Deep water
Sickness
Death
Flying
Loneliness
Dogs
Peoples DA. Presentations Plus. 1992.
The Book of Lists, 2002.
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10.
Flying
Public speaking
Heights
Dark
Intimacy
Death
Failure
Rejection
Spiders
Commitment
Selfhelpcollective.com. Accessed 2011 April 5.
2014 Top 10 Fears in America
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Public speaking
Heights
Bugs, snakes, and other animals
Drowning
Blood/needles
Claustrophobia
Flying
Strangers
Zombies
Darkness
America’s Top Fears: Public Speaking, Heights, and Bugs. Chapman University Survey on American Fears. Available at:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/10/30/clowns-are-twice-as-scary-to-democrats-as-they-are-torepublicans/ Accessed 2015 July 4.
Ten Basics
• Preparation is the
only cure for fear
• Do not wing it
• Follow an outline
• Be yourself
• Humor: when in
doubt, leave it out
• Speak clearly and
act confident
• Do not read your
speech
• Know your
introduction and
conclusion cold
• Pause at major
transitions
• Stay within your time
budget
An effective seminar can be
prepared in a few days?
Tips for Preparing
• Review these slides and slide-making tips slides
for seminar requirements
• Start preparing early with an outline
• Structured information is more easily remembered
• Define unfamiliar terminology
• Do not withhold information by omission
• Know your audience
• Approach as if audience was not in class with you
• Know your time limit (20 minutes)
Verbal and Non-Verbal
Communication Skills
Vocal Proficiency
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Appropriate volume and pace
Present the spoken (not written) word
Clearly annunciate your words
Vary your pitch and rate of speaking
Pause between thoughts and at transitions
• Watch ums and uhs
• Avoid “verbal clutch” phrases
• Avoid long sentences
• Check pronunciation of words
Words to Avoid
Non-Verbal Communication
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Good first impression
Facial expression
Eye contact
Posture
Other movements/distracting
mannerisms
• Professional attire (think interview)
Professional Dress
No
Yes
Taking the Edge Off
• Nervousness is natural
• Most anxiety does not show
• Eye contact can decrease anxiety
• Exercise before talking
• Humor, if done right, can break the ice
• Not your job to entertain class
• Save alcohol for post-celebration
Tips: If Your Mind Goes Blank
• Try not to let audience know
• Paraphrase your prior content
• “Retrace your steps”
• Refer back to your central purpose
• Pose a question to the audience
Organizing Your Seminar
Keep it short.
Keep it simple.
Keep it focused.
Keep it relevant.
Adapted from : The Exceptional Presenter. Greenleaf Book Group Press. 2007
Common Seminar Mistakes
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No objectives
Poor outline or organization
Speaker pace is too fast
Wrong audience
Weak closing
Conclusion does not match content
presented
Seminar Structure
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Introduction (5 minutes)
Body (Trial) (10 minutes)
Conclusion (5 minutes)
Question and Answer (5-10 minutes)
• Total student presentation = 20 minutes
• Plus Q & A = 30 minutes
Which is FALSE about Seminar?
a) The introduction should get the audience’s
attention
b) Practicing is important
c) Longest part of the seminar is the
presentation and critique of trial
d) New information can be stated in the
conclusion
The Introduction
• Should command attention of audience
• Statistic, case, current event
• List and describe learning objectives
• BRIEF description of topic
• Disease/condition
• Medication of interest
• Therapeutic alternatives
• Transition into the body
Learning Objectives
• Provide succinct 3-5 learning objectives
• Succinct description of what you want the
audience to know
• Present in the view of the learner
• Use active words
• List
• Identify
• Define
• See posted supplemental handout and examples
Objectives
• Understand the epidermiology, assessment,
etiology, and major health risks of obesity
• Introduce non-pharmacological approach to
treat obesity
• Discern pharmacological approach to treat
obesity
• Appreciate Orlistat and its pharmacotherpy
• Discuss clinical trials
• Critique the clinical trials
• Have faith that orlistat has a role in the
treatment of obesity
Objectives
• Discuss the epidemiology of obesity
• List therapeutic options for managing
obesity
• Explain the pharmacokinetics of orlistat
• Identify the key results from clinical
trials of orlistat
• Define the place in therapy for orlistat
Case
Remember: HIPAA
Get permission from family and friends;
De-identify patients; or Make own case
• 52-year-old female patient at UPMC lipid clinic
• History of hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia
• Current medications
• Lisinopril 20 mg PO daily
• Atorvastatin 40 mg PO daily
• Orlistat 120 mg PO TID
Labs
Result (11/1/14)
Blood pressure
145/95 mm Hg
Total cholesterol
250 mg/dL
LDL
170 mg/dL
145 mg/dL (6/10/14)
Body mass index
40 kg/m2
Obesity: Epidemiology
• More than half of Americans are
overweight
• Obesity prevalence: 30%
• More than 300,000 obesity-related
deaths per year
• Annual cost: approximately $100 billion
N Engl J Med. 2002;346(8):591-602
Current Treatment Options
• Nonpharmacologic
• Diet and exercise
• Pharmacologic
• Appetite suppression
• Methamphetamine (Desoxyn®)
• Phendimetrazine (Bontril®)
• Phentermine (Adipex-P®, Ionamin®)
• Decrease absorption
• Orlistat (Xenical®; Alli®)
N Engl J Med. 2002;346(8):591-602
Transitions (“Sign Posts”)
Intro
Body
• Improve flow of talk
Conclusion
• Link major points
• Summarize information presented
• Important to periodically summarize
• Regain audience attention and
understanding
• Can use blank or learning objective slide for
transition
The Body
• Follow an outline and logical order
• Refer back to the central theme
• Contain verifiable evidence and
balanced information
• Contain effective transitions
• Contain at least one published clinical
trial to support major theme
Which type of study is best to
select for PharmD Seminar?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Case-control study
Open-label trial
Randomized controlled trial
Study from prescribing information
Study in abstract form
Supporting Evidence (The Trial)
• Clearly state hypothesis and/or objectives
• Describe and assess the following in sufficient
detail
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Study design
Pertinent methods
Outcomes (primary and pertinent secondary)
Statistical methods
Results
• State the authors’ conclusions
• Provide an extensive critique of the study
The Conclusion
• Should be STRONG and well-supported by
the content of your presentation
• Give a signal that you are approaching end
• Summarize the major points of your talk
• Conclusion should be clear and succinct
• Do not state anything new
• Make strong recommendation for place in
therapy
• Thank the audience and ask for questions
Question & Answer Session
• Keep up energy to end on positive note
• Let the questioner finish asking the question
• Answering the question
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Etiquette: no dumb questions, no debates
Repeat the question
Answer briefly
“I don’t know” is a valid answer
• If in doubt, ask if answered question
Focus Your Content
Key Point
Tips
Know your audience
Ask who will be present at the
meeting or conference
Know your time
Learning objectives help to organize
your talk and your time
These can be your transition slides
Have take-home points
Three to five learning pearls
Benefit of your presentation to the
audience
The more slides the better for
your seminar.
Length of Presentation
• Use 1-2 slides per
minute
• One main topic per
slide
• Longer is NOT
necessarily better
“Ninety-five percent of how well
your presentation is going to go
is determined before you even
start.”
Peoples DA. Presentations plus David People’s proven techniques. 2nd ed. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using Visual Aids
Effective visual aids (slides) will
help you convey your message.
PowerPoint®
• Classes available through Falk Library
• Avoid widescreen format
• Fix with Page Setup to On-Screen Show (4:3)
• Avoid Google Docs (projection issues)
• Functions to use
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Table function
Templates for slides
Footer or textbox for references
Be cautious with newer versions!
Visual Aids:
Truth or Myth?
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Increase interest in the topic
Clarify data
Increase information retention
Divert attention from you
Prompt you for what to say next
Show your work!
Visual Aids:
Truth or Myth?
• If one is good, ten is better
• Anyone can make good slides
• Audiences will accept bad slides
• Apologizing for illegible slides is sufficient
• Authors said it better, so use their images,
charts, and graphs
• Company slides are acceptable for seminar
• References are not needed
Common Slide-Making Blunders
• Distracting colors and fonts
• All capitals
• Inappropriate italics
• No titles or long titles
• Data displayed in wrong or confusing format
• Invisible numbers or letters
• Too much data
• Indecipherable images
• Linking to the Internet or inserting video clips
that do not work
Good Visuals: Font Size
Keep the font large:
• This is 44 font
• This is 40 font
• This is 36 font
• This is 32 font
• This is 28 font
• This is 20 font
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This is 16 font
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This is 12 font (regular type)
Style and Size Examples
•Avoid italics
• THIS IS HARD TO READ and LOOKS LIKE
YELLING
• THIS IS ALSO HARD TO READ
• THIS COLOR IS VERY HARD TO SEE
• This color and font hurts my eyes
Font Choices
Good
Arial
Calibri
Tahoma
Verdana
Not so Good
Book Antiqua
Comic Sans
Courier
Garamond
Haettenschweiler
Rockwell
Times New Roman
Note: PowerPoint® does not always give you the best
choice of font in the templates
Good Visuals: Simplicity
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Balance amount of detail
One major theme per slide
Watch abbreviations: write out all terms first
Use headings and subheadings
Minimize text on slides
• Not more than seven words across and seven
lines down
• Not more than three lines on a graph
Good Visuals: Size and
Proportion
• Slides should be legible to the audience
• Readable style
• Do not use all capital letters
• Avoid italics or slanted type
• Keep the font large
• Use bullets
• Use consistent font/letter thickness
Style and Size Example
This is too small of a font and should be on two lines
This reads better
on two lines
Good Visuals:
Design and Contrast
• Use a simple template
• Avoid “Star Wars” slides
• Dark background with light lettering is best for
slides (opposite for overheads)
• Colors are important for font, background and
contrast
Good Visuals:
Design and Contrast
• Use a simple template
• Avoid “Star Wars” slides
• Dark background with light lettering is best for
slides (opposite for overheads)
• Colors are important for font, background and
contrast
Good Visuals:
Design and Contrast
• Use a simple template
• Avoid “Star Wars” slides
• Dark background with light lettering is best for
slides (opposite for overheads)
• Colors are important for font, background and
contrast
Color Contrast Examples
This is better than….
THIS or THIS or THIS
Light on dark is more
readable than...
Hard to read
dark on light
Also hard to read
Orlistat, Is It Another Miracle
Drug for Obesity? An
Evaluation of Its Efficacy and
Safety
Joe Smith
Pharm.D Candidate
Orlistat, A New Drug for
Obesity
Joe Smith, Pharm.D Candidate
April 10, 2012
Orlistat – PK
• A - <5%; F = 0.12%, 0.59% - rats;
0.7%,1.9% dogs
• D - 99% protein binding
• M - intestinal wall to M1, M3 (42% dose)
- inactive
• E – 97% fecal elimination. Complete
excretion 3 to 5 days
• T1/2 = 1-2 hours
Orlistat: Pharmacokinetics
• Absorption
• < 5% in plasma
• Elimination
• 97% fecal elimination
• Complete excretion 3 to 5 days
• Half-life (absorbed) 1 to 2 hours
Orlistat MOA
Consider Copyright Issues
Remember the audience: Pharmacists are not diagnositicians
Interventions
JAMA. 1999;281(3):235-42.
Presenting Data
The audience will forgive
cluttered and illegible slides, if
you apologize first.
Data Slides: Pie Charts
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Largest piece 12:00
Clockwise to smallest piece
No segment < 5%
Five pieces per pie
Percent data label inside pie
Name data label outside pie
Pie Graph
5%
16%
53%
26%
A
B
C
D
Data Slides: Line Charts
Line Chart
100
Attendance (%)
• Independent (changing)
variable on X axis
• 3-4 lines per graph
• Indicate zero
• Different colors per line
80
60
40
20
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
2008
A
B
C
Data Slides:
Bar Graphs and Tables
Bar Graphs
• Five bars maximum
• If <=2 data points, use
bar graph
• Careful use of colors
Tables
• Do not exceed four
columns
• Do not exceed seven
rows
• Careful use of colors
• Do NOT cut and paste
from the
Internet/studies
Results
Results: 6-minute walk
distance (6MWD)
Primary Outcome:
6MWD
Riociguat
2.5 mg
(n = 254)
Placebo
(n = 126)
Baseline (m)
361 ± 68
368 ± 75
Change at 12
weeks (m)
30 ± 66
6 ± 86
LSMD
(95% CI)
36
(20-52)
p < 0.001
LSMD = Least-squares mean difference
The Ideal Slide
• One topic
• Easy to read and
understand
• Good font
• Seven lines per slide
• Minimal capitals and
• Seven words per line
italics
• Four columns per table
• Good colors
• Seven rows per table
• Blue/dark
• Four lines per graph
background
• Five pieces per pie
• Yellow titles
• Five bars per chart
• White text
Keep Slides Simple
Yes
No
 Block font: Arial, Tahoma
 Use bullets v. full sentences
 Minimal animation
 Less is more
 Italics and script fonts
 Full sentences
 Distracting colors
 CAPITAL LETTERS
Using Your Visuals
• Practice with visuals prior to presentation
• Be familiar with how to advance slides
• Use your slides to prompt your thoughts
• Delivery should be extemporaneous
• Talk to the audience, not the visual
• Do not stand in front of the visual
• Give audience time to read the slides
Tips for Practicing
• Practice, practice, practice
• Practice in front of a peer
• Videotape yourself and play it back
• Verify slides open in actual room
• Practice in a large room if possible
• Contact Lori Schmotzer (Student Services) to
arrange room and time
Abrahams M. Speaking Up without Freaking Out. Kendall Hunt Publishing. 2012.
“The mind is a wonderful thing-it starts working the minute you
are born and never stops until
you get up to speak in public.”
Peoples DA. Presentations plus David People’s proven techniques. 2nd ed. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
PharmD Seminar
Requirements
Requirements
Presentation
Attendance
Peer and self-evaluations
Course grades: H/S/U
Course grade: H/S/U
Requirements
• Presentation
• One 20-minute Seminar in PowerPoint®
• Seminar presentation grade:
• Rated on a scale of 1 (poor) to 4 (excellent)
• One-page handout with learning objectives
• 250-word abstract and reference list
• Bring 15 copies (for class and coordinator)
• Slide handouts for faculty coordinator/resident
• Bring 2 copies, 6 slides per page
Presentation Topic Selection
Topics
• Students pick their own topic to present
• First-come, first-serve basis
• Approved by faculty coordinator in advance
• Research topic before submitting for approval
• Fully published randomized controlled trials (RCT)
• FDA-approved medication
• Topic includes generic name of medication
AND indication
• Metoprolol (Toprol XL®) for the treatment of
hypertension
Seminar Trial Selection
• One fully published RCT required
• Must be human research (not rats, cats, dogs, or Petri
dishes)
• No abstracts, case reports, posters, package insert
only, or company information (data on file)
• Do your own research!
• Do not contact company for papers
• You are responsible for obtaining articles
• Do not need to pay $ to obtain the article
Seminar Myths Dispelled
• Articles do NOT need to be pre-approved
• Coordinator may request before approval
• There is no perfect topic or study!
• Do NOT need study used for FDA approval
• No timeframe for publication or medication
approval date
• Be able to justify why topic or article selected
• Do NOT need to present all package insert
information
Seminar Topic
• Topics must be approved by session
coordinator
• Submit list of topics (in order of preference)
by email to session moderator/coordinator
• Dr. Culley: 456 Salk
• Ms. Skledar: 457 Salk
• Dr. Stevenson: 458 Salk
• Topics are not accepted until assigned
presentation dates are posted
Please do not
start creating
your Seminar
until your topic
is approved.
Ideas for Topics
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The Medical Letter/The Pharmacist’s Letter
Consensus papers/guidelines
Review journals of interest
Personal interest area
Preceptors/rotations
Make sure that there is a fully published RCT prior to
submitting topic for approval
Topic Ideas: Good Ideas
• New medications
• Levomilnacipran (Fetzima®) for major depressive
disorder
• FDA-approved medication with new
therapeutic use (off-label)
• Naloxone for pathological gambling
• Varenicline (Chantix®) for the treatment of alcohol
dependence
• Management of a disease
• Route of vitamin K for reversal of coagulopathy
Topic Ideas: Not Acceptable
• Drugs not FDA-approved (e.g. alternative
medicines, herbals, investigational)
• Combination medications
• Pharmacy Services (e.g. Immunization, MTM
programs)
• Analyses of lifestyle changes v. placebo
• FDA safety warnings (observational studies)
• Topics with lack of strong conclusion (e.g.
HIV/AIDS)
• Therapeutic reviews (e.g. JNC-8)
Frequently Asked Questions
Q. Why are already-selected topics not posted?
A. Topics change frequently making it difficult to
keep up with the versions
Q. When can we expect to get a response to
emails?
A. Please give us at least 48 hours to respond
to emails before sending a repeat email, a
phone call or contacting seminar faculty
Seminar Advice
• Review these tips and outline closer to
your seminar presentation
• Posted on Courseweb
• Consult an advisor or mentor
• Not required
• Give notice: > 2-3 weeks prior to seminar
• Remember you are responsible for
meeting the content requirements
Making Good Handouts
• 250-word abstract
• Summary of entire talk
• Include introduction, body, conclusion
• Do not write in first person
• Body should summarize the supporting data (trial)
• Include results (data not just p values)
• Provide a strong conclusion
• Do not repeat or end with author conclusions
• State the place in therapy
Making Good Handouts
• Reference list (put full list on handout)
• Professional seminar = Professional resources
• Go to the primary literature
• Use published review articles vs. Dipiro or UpToDate®
• Limit Internet use (limit to .gov or .org sites)
• Check package inserts
• Do NOT use DI Handbook, Micromedex® or MedlinePlus
• Check practice guidelines
• No class notes!
• Reference format
• Style Sheet and/or Am J Health-Syst Pharm format
posted on Courseweb
Requirements
Presentation
Attendance
Peer and self-evaluations
Course grades: H/S/U
Requirements: Attendance
• MANDATORY
• Not completing requirements = unsatisfactory (U)
grade for the course
• Students MUST contact the session moderator
PRIOR to session to discuss an absence
• Make-up sessions for excused absences will be
scheduled with session moderator
• Unexcused absences = U grade for the course
Requirements: Attendance
• Must attend 4 assigned sessions
• Includes your presentation date (1) and
attendance dates (3)
• Your presentation date is assigned
• All seminars are on Friday mornings
• Attendance is assigned to provide a
reasonably sized audience for each student
• Attendance dates are assigned
Requirements
Presentation
Attendance
Peer and self-evaluations
Course grades: H/S/U
Listening and evaluating peer
presentations is a good way to
learn about presenting.
Audience Responsibility
• Respect your colleagues
• Be attentive
• No talking, sleeping, distracting
• Shut off ALL devices
• Ask thoughtful questions
• Avoid “How much does it cost?” or “Is it
covered by insurance?”
Requirements:
Peer and Self-Evaluation
• Students are required to complete peer
evaluations for each speaker
• This is confirmation of your attendance
• Students are required to do a selfevaluation reflection after their
presentation
• Turn in on Courseweb
Seminar
Evaluation
Form
Day of Seminar
Day of Your Seminar
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Get there early
Consider a microphone, if available in room
Check your notes
Provide handouts to faculty
Place abstracts for class in designated area
Load slides on computer desktop
Be ready to present without your slides
(in case of technology malfunction!)
Seminar Room Logistics
• Six to seven speakers per session
• Seminars are Fridays 8 am -12 noon
• Rooms
• 456 Salk (C. Culley, moderator)
• 457 Salk (S. Skledar, moderator)
• 458 Salk (J. Stevenson, moderator)
• Note: rooms are reserved from 7:30 am-12 noon
• Presenters/Attendees: Arrive early for on-time start
• Presenters: stay for individual feedback after your
session, if desired
Seminar Timeline
• Friday, Nov 13th: (today’s introductory class)
• Attendance/presentation dates posted to Courseweb
• Monday, Nov 16th: (communication with room moderator)
• Confirm your presentation and attendance dates
• Can begin topic selection
• Friday, January 29, 2016: Seminars begin
• Switching dates:
• Room moderator must approve ALL switches in advance
• If need to switch PRESENTATION date:
• Student must find another student willing to do an even switch
• Preferred that switch is within same room
• Ensure that switches do not conflict with other class activity
• Excused absences need to be discussed AHEAD with moderator
Discussion and Questions?