Transcript Greece and Rome

Greece and Rome
GPS Unit 1
2000 B. C. –A.D. 700
SSWH3
I. Government in Greece
A. Political Units:
1.
Polis: city-state of ancient Greece; fundamental
political unit
2. Acropolis: fortified hilltop where citizens gather and
discuss city government
B. Political Structures
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Monarchy: rule by a single person
Aristocracy: gov’t ruled by a small group of families
Oligarchy: gov’t ruled by a few powerful people
Tyrants: leaders for the interest of ordinary people
II. Athens and Sparta
A. Athens:
1. Attica Peninsula
2. Democracy: rule by the people
3. Wealthy boys only ones educated
Athens and Sparta (cont’d)
B. Sparta:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Southern Greece/Gulf of Corinth
Helots
Military state
Boys and Girls trained
Athens and Sparta
• Athens was larger
• Education for wealthy
• Sparta was small with a
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boys only- liberal arts
Society was based on
trade and open to
outsiders
Many of the Greek artistic
and intellectual
achievements came out
of Athens
Women were subordinate
and kept out of public
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huge slave population
called helots
All boys and girls
educated- women
considered equals
Military education
Farming economy
Closed society- very
paranoid- did not like
outsiders
No wall around city
Athens and Sparta (cont’d)
C. Persian Wars
1. Greece vs. Persia at Ionia; coast of Anatolia
2. 10,000 Greeks (Athenians) vs. 25,000
Persians
3. Athenians arranged in Phalanx: ea. Soldier
stood side by side with spear and shield
4. Athenians win
5. Pheidippides runs from Marathon to Athens
Second War: Land and Sea
Invasions by Xerxes
• To revenge his father’s shame, Xerxes in 480
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BCE launched a massive land and sea invasion
of Greece.(250,000 soldiers)
Fought three major engagements- Thermopylae
(Stand of the 300 Spartans), Salamis (naval
battle near Athens), and Platae (Sparta’s
revenge).
Invasion failed and Xerxes lost most of his army.
Legacy of Persian Wars
• Greece now considered a Mediterranean power.
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Athens and Sparta become the dominant city
states.
Athens enters a “Golden Age” of intellectual and
artistic achievements.
Jealously over Athenian dominance of Delian
League led to 25 years of civil warfare in Greece.
Athens vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian Wars)
Leaves Greece open to foreign invasionMacedonia under King Philip invades and unites
Greek city-states under one king.
III. Greek Art
A. Golden Age: growth of intellectual and
artistic learning
B. Direct Democracy: citizens rule directly
(not through representatives)
– Parthenon
C. Classical Art: portrays ideal beauty;
serenity, gracefulness
Greek Art (cont’d)
D. Drama:
1. Tragedy: serious drama with a tragic flaw
2. Comedy: humorous
E. Homer: greatest storyteller of Greece
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The Iliad
The Odyssey
F. Myths: traditional stories about Greek
gods
IV. Philosophers
• Philosophers: “lovers of wisdom” ;
determined to seek truth wherever they
were led
Philosophers (cont’d)
A. Socrates
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believed absolute
standards did exist for
truth and justice
“The unexamined life is
not worth living”
Brought to trial for
“corrupting the youth of
Athens”
Socratic Method
Ideas were innate
Mind continued to exist
after death
Philosophers (cont’d)
B. Plato
• Student of Socrates
• The Republic
• Ideas innate
Philosophers (cont’d)
C. Aristotle
• Applied method of problem solving to
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psychology, physics, and biology
(scientific method)
Mind and body separate
Ideas result of experience
V. Alexander the Great
A. Peloponnesian War
weakened Greek citystates
1. Philip II becomes king
2. Killed at wedding
B. Alexander becomes
king (20 yrs old)
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2.
Student of Aristotle
Expands the empire:
Persia, Egypt
(Alexandria),
Mesopotamia, Indus
Valley, Arabia
C. Dies of Malaria (32 yrs
old)
Alexander (cont’d)
D. Alexander the Great’s Legacy
1. 3 different Greeks gain control of the Empire
• Antigonous of Macedonia
• Ptolemy seizes Egypt
• Seleucus took Old Persian Empire
2. Adopts Persian customs
3. Hellenistic culture emerges
VI. The Olympic Games and
Hellenistic Culture
A. Ancient Olympics
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Honored Zeus
In Olympia
Chariot races, boxing, javelin,
discus , etc.
Statues of cheaters
Olympics cont’d
B. Modern Olympics
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In Athens
1896
Many more
sports
Hellenistic Culture (cont’d)
C. Hellenistic Culture
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Greek (Hellenic) blended with Egyptian, Persian,
and Indian influences
1. Scholars
• Provided most scientific knowledge
• Euclid: mathematician (geometry)
• Archimedes: pi, lever, screw, and pulley
2. Art
– Colossus of Rhodes
– sculpture
I. Origins of Rome
A. Founded in 753 by Romulus and Remus
(legend)
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Tiber River near Italian Peninsula; midpoint of the
Med. Sea
Rolling hills
Fertile soil
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Latins
Greeks
Etruscans
B. 3 Groups inhabited the region (1000-500 BC)
(these 3 were 1st settlers)
Rome (cont)
• b/w 750 and 600 BC the Greeks est.
colonies; brought all of Italy into closer
contact with the Greek civ.
• Etruscans strongly influenced Roman civ.
– Writing and architecture (esp. arch)
II. Roman Government
A. Republic: citizens vote for leaders
1. Patricians: wealthy landowners
2. Plebeians: common farmers, artisans, and
merchants (majority)
• Barred by law from holding imp. Govt. positions
• Eventually form tribunes: protected the rights of
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the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician
officials
Created Twelve Tables: written law code
(protected from patrician officials interpretations)
Roman Gov’t (cont’d)
B. Parts of Roman Republic:
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Consuls: commanded army; directed
government (similar to President of U.S.)
Senate: legislative assembly
Dictator: ruled in time of crisis (6 months)
Legions: large military units
III. Rome Spreads its Power
A. Punic Wars
1. Rome vs. Carthage (North Africa)
• 3 separate wars
• 1st: (264- 241 BCE)
– Carthage captured part of Sicily; Rome came to help
out.
– Also for glory and plunder
– Fought mostly at sea
– for some years Carthage was the most successful,
notedly under the leadership of Hamilcar, but with the
battle at the Aegates Islands in 241, the Carthagians
were beaten so painfully that they requested peace.
This agreement involved leaving Sicily and paying a
huge indemnity. Rome now controlled Sicily.
• 2nd: (218- 201 BCE)
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It was the Carthagians bitterness over both the agreement from
the first war, and the Roman expansion following the next years
(Corsica and Sardinia was taken from Carthage in 237), that
brought it on.
Hannibal: Carthage general; mastermind of war
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Won several early battles but no decisive ones
The Romans used a tactic of delaying, and they had strong
hold on the communications over both land and sea. This
would eventually result in declining morals in Hannibals troops
In 204 the Roman sunder the leadership of Scipio
invaded Ifriqiya (today's Tunisia), and despite
strong resistance, a peace was almost arranged in
203, when Hannibal returned. Hannibal was beaten
in Zama (near today's Maktar, Tunisia) in 202. Peace
was signed in 201. All claims on Spain were given
up, and the Punic fleet was reduced to ten ships.
• 3rd: (149- 146 BCE)
• The third war was entirely provoked by the Romans. After the
second defeat, Carthage managed once again to return to much of
its former glory, the economy prospered, and the fleet increased.
But the memory of the former Punic wars was strong in Rome;
many hated the Carthaginians especially because there seemed to
be nothing that could force them on their knees. Many Romans
wanted to gain glory, and no enemy was more attractive than
Carthage, even if the city state now longer aspired to become an
empire.
• Masinissa deliberately provoked Carthage, and in 149 Carthage
attacked him. Rome came to aid for their ally, through declaring war
on Carthage. At first a peace was agreed upon, but then Rome
increased their demands, decreeing a total abandonment of the city.
Facing these claims, the Carthaginians returned to fighting, and
soon Carthage fell under what would become a 3 year long siege.
When the Romans finally breached the walls, Scipio Aemilianus took
the city by storm. One week of fighting inside the city followed, then
the city was burned, and the locals were either executed or sold into
slavery.
IV. The Roman Empire
A. Empire emerges after Punic Wars; republic
B.
becomes unstable
Economic Turmoil
1. Rich live on big estates (with lots of slaves)
2. Small farmers had difficulty competing
3. Civil War: Tribunes tried for reforms but made
enemies with senators
• Generals start to gain power (recruiting soldiers turned
farmers—promising them land) and take over by force
Roman Empire (cont’d)
C.
Julius Caesar gains control
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60 BCE Caesar joined with Crassus and
Pompey; ruled as a triumvirate (group of three)
for 10 yrs.
• Elected consul (ruled for 1 yr)
• Excellent military leader
• Appointed himself governor of Gaul (France)—becomes very
popular
• 50 BCE he defies senate; they ordered him to disband his legions
and return home.
• 49 BCE Crossed Rubicon River conquers Greece, Asia, Spain,
Egypt
• 46 BCE returned to Rome, had support of army and masses and
was appointed Dictator
• 44 BCE appointed dictator for life
The Roman Empire (cont’d)
• Governed as an absolute ruler
• Reforms: Roman citizenship to people in the
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provinces; expanded the senate; built new
public buildings that created new jobs for the
poor
Some senators feared losing their influence;
some considered him a tyrant
Caesar is killed by senators
March 15, 44 BCE
The Roman Empire (cont’d)
B. Beginning of the Empire
1. More civil war; Roman Republic destroyed
2. Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus
• Ruled for 10 yrs
• Jealousy and violence
• Lepidus retires, Octavian and Mark Antony rivals
3. Octavian rules; becomes Augustus Caesar
4. Pax Romana (207 years)
– After Augustus’ death, empire remained stable
V. Society and Culture
A. Agriculture
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Most important industry
90% involved in farming
Complex roads linked the empire
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Used slaves more than any other civilization
Conquered peoples brought back to Rome
Worked both city and farm
Some forced to be gladiators
Occasional rebellions (none successful)
B. Slaves and Captivity
Society and Culture (cont’d)
C. Gods and Goddesses
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Early Romans worshiped powerful, divine spirits
Government and religion linked; private and public
rituals expected; worship of emperor was important
as well
D. Majority of people were poor
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Government supported people
Gladiator games
Colosseum one of greatest structure ever built; held
50,000 people
Society and Culture (cont’d)
E. Roman Art
1. Greco-Roman: classical civilization
• Rome had conquered Greece and was influenced by their
culture
One of greatest legacies to the world
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2. Realism
• Augustus had great artistic achievement
• Bas-relief; told stories
• Mosaics; found in wealthy homes
• Pompeii was best example; site of Vesuvius eruption which
preserved many buildings and artworks
Society and Culture (cont’d)
F. Legacy
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Latin language; official language of Roman Catholic
Church into 20th century
Aqueducts; brought water to cities
Architecture; inspired public buildings
Roman Roads; made of stone, concrete, and sand.
Lasted until Middle ages
Laws; most lasting and widespread
• Fair and equal to all people
• Influenced by philosophers
• Equal treatment under law
• Innocent until proven guilty
VII. Fall of the Roman Empire
A. Rome’s economy weakens
1. Inflation
2. Overworked soil
3. Military in disarray
B. Rome splits (empire no more)
1. West: remains Rome; Latin speaking
• Huns responsible for German invasions in West (Attila)
2. East: Byzantine Empire; Greek speaking
• Constantine secures, moves capitol
(Constantinople)
• Flourishes; preserves Greek and Roman culture
VI. Christianity Spreads
A. Jesus
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The Messiah
Contained many ideas from Judaism
Stressed importance of people’s love for God and
each other
Promised salvation for those who repented their
sins
Crucified for defying the Roman government
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Roads make is easy
Paul
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B. Spread of Christianity
Christianity Spreads
C. Constantine
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Ends persecution (occurred b/c people didn’t
worship Roman gods—thousands were killed,
exiled, or imprisoned)
Nicene Creed: basic beliefs of church
D. Christian Church
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Peter “rock” on which the church will be built
• First Pope—head of the Christian Church
• Bishops next
• Priests
Augustine: influential writer/bishop helped define
Church teachings