Transcript 2000 - 1400 BC

GREECE
GEOGRAPHY
•Mountainous - mountains separated different
areas from one another.
•Promoted the formation of individual city-states
MINOAN CIVILIZATION
(2000 - 1400 B.C.)
• Flourished on the island of Crete
• Traders in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
• Capital at Knossos
1. height of power under King Minos
2. palace has 800 rooms and no defensive
walls
• Civilization dies out around 1400 B.C. (invasion or
earthquake)
Mycenaean Civilization
(1600 - 1100 B.C.)
•Built strong fortress cities
1. ruled by warrior kings
2. wealth through plunder and trade
3. Mycenae and Tiryns are major cities
•King Agamemnon attacks Troy
•Myceneans decline due to disasters
•Enter the Dark Ages
TROJAN WAR
(1194 - 1184 B.C)
EARLY GREEK CITY-STATES chapter 4 sect 2
•Aristocrats - wealthy landowners (landlords)
• when farmers fail to pay rent - they become slaves
•
*TYRANT- gained power by using hired soldiers
- could gain favor of people by freeing slaves
•Democracy –
rule by the people (many)
1. 1st in Athens
2. populations are small so people can
participate in government – Direct Democracy
Oligarchy - rule by a few (Sparta)
ATHENIAN CITIZENSHIP
•Qualifications
1. male and free
2. parents free
3. native born
•Age 18 you take the oath
•Serve two years in the military
•Education (boys only)
1. ages 8-18: grammar, rhetoric, music
2. learned history and religious beliefs
3. sports and gymnastics
•Women in Athenian society had no political or legal rights
HEIGHT OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
•Pericles leads Athens through the Golden Age
1. political thought and open discussion were
encouraged
2. Athens is rebuilt and becomes the intellectual center
of Greece and the Mediterranean
SPARTA
•Dorians enslaved the local population and establish the
city of Sparta
1. slaves are called HELOTS
2. Helots outnumber Spartans 20 to 1
•Government Organization
1. monarchy - 2 kings
2. council of 28 Elders - advise kings
3. assembly of citizens approve all decisions
4. five EPHORS direct the daily affairs of the
people and watch the Helots
SPARTAN WAY OF LIFE
•Strong military state
•Military governs ALL aspects of life
1. babies are brought before the EPHORS to be
judged
2. age 7 - boys leave home and live in military barracks
3. youths are expected to get by (survive) on their own
4. learned to read and write
5. married at age 20 - live in barracks for another 10
year
6. age 30 - men become citizens
7. Spartan women bear children
•Helots - the captured people who farmed
PERSIAN WARS
• The Ionian Greek colonies on the western coast
of Asia Minor had fallen subject to Persian rule.
• In 499 B.C. the Ionian cities attempted a
rebellion and were aided by the Athenian
Navy
• The Persian King Darius decided to seek
revenge on Athens and the Greeks.
PERSIAN WARS
• In 490 B.C. the Persians landed on the
plain of Marathon (26 miles from Athens)
• An outnumbered Athenian army decisively
defeated the Persians.
• Pheidippides runs back to Athens to
announce the victory!
PERSIAN WARS
• Led by King Xerxes, the Persians invade
Greece in 480 B.C.
• 7000 Greeks tried to hold them off at
Thermopylae – led by 300 Spartans
• After the Greeks lose at Thermopylae, the
Persians march to Athens and burn the city.
• The Greeks defeat the Persians in a Naval battle
at Salamis
• The remaining Persian forces are finally
defeated at Plataea in 479 B.C.
PERSIAN WARS
• WHO WON THE PERSIAN WAR?
GREEKS
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
• In case of Persian Invasion - Athens
created alliances with other Greek citystates.
• Sparta feared Athens growing power and
created alliances of their own.
• Led to civil war.
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
• After 27 years of fighting, the Spartans
win the war.
• Results of this war:
– weakened the Greek city-states
– no chance for Greek unity
– Because they were so focused on each other,
they failed to see Macedonia as a threat
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
• Macedonia emerged as a powerful
kingdom.
• Philip II - goal was to unite Greece under
his rule and invade the Persian Empire.
• When Philip II was assassinated, his son
Alexander took over at the age of 20.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
• In 334 B.C. Alexander left Greece with
37,000 infantry men and 5000 cavalry.
• By 332 B.C., he had conquered much of
Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.
• He built Alexandria as the Greek capital
in Egypt
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
• Alexander defeated Persians at
Gaugamela (near Babylon)
• He continued to the Indus River (India).
• his troops refused to go any further. He
returned to Babylon and died there in 323
B.C. (he was only 33)
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
• The effects of Alexander’s Empire:
– Made Greece wealthy
– Created the largest empire ever at that time
– Spread Greek language, architecture,
literature and art to SW Asia – Hellenistic
Culture
– Created many Greek cities within his empire
GREEK ACHIEVEMENTS
• ART
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Sculpture, Painting
Theater – comedies and drama
Architecture
Literature – poetry, history
• SCIENCE
– Astronomy – sun centered universe
• MATH
– geometry
• PHILOSOPHY
– Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
– Epicureanism
– Stoicism
GREEK ACHIEVEMENTS
• OLYMPICS
– First Olympic games held in 776 B.C.
– Ended in 393 A.D. (paganistic)
– Modern games began in 1896