Transcript Geography Shapes Greek Life

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#8 Previewing Main Ideas pg120
Timeline Questions pg120-21
1. Identify two major conflicts on the
time line.
2. How long after the Trojan War did it
take for Greece to become a military
power?
3. How many years did Greece’s
military power last before Alexander
entered the region?
Geography Shapes Greek Life
Greece is a mountainous peninsula
that juts out into the Mediterranean
Sea.
 Aegean and Ionian Sea.
 Over 1,000 islands make up
Greece.
 Sea travel connects Greece with
other societies. Liquid highways.

Geography Continued
Mountains divide Greece into
regions.
 Only 20 percent of the land is
farmable.
 Very little fresh water.
 Average winter temperature
was 48 degrees, while
summers were 80 degrees.

Mycenaean Develop Civilization
 Were Indo-Europeans who settled
on the Greek mainland around
2000 B.C.
 Warrior-kings controlled local
production of goods and trade.
 Borrow ideas from the Minoanssea trade,
language,art,religion,and politics.
Mycenae
Trojan War
 According to legend, a Trojan
youth kidnapped Helen, the
beautiful wife of a Greek king.
 The Trojan War was thought to
be fictional.
 Recent excavation of the area,
in northwest Turkey, suggest
that the story may be based on
real cities and events.
Heinrich Schliemann
Korfmann
Manfred
Greek Culture Declines Under the
Dorians
Around 1200 B.C., Mycenaean
civilization collapsed after attacks
by sea raiders.
 Dorians move into this area.
 Trade comes to a standstill.
 No written records for 400 years.
 Dark Ages.

Epics of Homer
Greeks of this time learn about
events from spoken word.
 Homer was a stroryteller who
composed epics-narrative poems
explaining heroic deeds.
 Characters had values such as
virtue and excellence -arete.

Greeks Create Myths
Greeks create myths, or traditional
stories, about their gods.
 Myths sought to explain nature and
the power of human passion.
 Their gods had human life qualities.
 Their gods lived forever, they did
not.

Greek City-States
The city-state, or polis, was the
fundamental political unit in ancient
Greece.
 Made up of a city and its
surrounding areas.
 Population was no more than
20,000.
 Citizens conducted business on a
fortified hilltop-acropolis.

Acropolis
Greek Political Structures
 Because of geography, Greece had
many ways to rule a polis.
 Monarchy- Rule by king or queen.
 Aristocracy- Rule by small group of
landowning families.
 Oligarchy- Rule by a few powerful
people.
 Tyrants/Tyrannical- Seized power
by appealing to the weak.
New Army Emerges
Iron replaces bronze in the
manufacturing of weapons.
 Cheaper to make.
 Military formation of foot soldiers,
hoplites, form a fearfull military
formation called a phalanx.

Greek Phalanx and Hoplites
Athens Builds a Democracy
Athens goes through power
struggles, but avoids civil war
because of reforms made by their
rulers.
 Government structure was a
democracy. Rule by the people.
 Free adult males counted as
citizens. Slaves -One third.

Athenian Reformers
 Draco writes the first legal code,
but seen as being too harsh.
Draconian.
 Solon- Outlaws debt slavery. Allows
citizens to partisipate and debate
policies.
 Cleisthenes- Allowed citizens to
submit laws for debate and
passage.
Sparta Builds a Military State
Located on southern part of
Greece.
 Conquered Messenia. Messenians
became peasants, or helots, to the
Spartans.
 Helots revolted against the
Spartans.
 Spartan becomes military state
afterwards.

Sparta Government and Society
 Sparta was an oligarchy
 Ruling families who owned land
(original inhabitants), noncitizens
who were free, helots, and slaves.
 Men received military training at
age seven.
 Woman received some military
training and were athletic.
 Duty, strength, and discipline.
Spartan Society Concluded
Had the most powerful army in
Greece.
 Woman manages the family affairs,
but can not vote.
 Did not value individuality, beauty,
and freedom.
 Service to Sparta comes first.

Persian War
Fought between Persia Empire and
Greece.
 Ionian Greeks revolt against
Persian rule, Athens sends ships
and soldiers to aid them.
 Darius vows to destroy Athens.

Ionia
Persian War Battles
Outnumbered Greek soldiers
defeat the Persian army at the
Battle of Marathon.
 Persians not equipped well and
could not withstand phalanx attack.
 7,000 Greek soldiers and 300
Spartans meet the Persians at
Thermopylae. All 300 Spartans die.

Pheidippides
Xerxes
300
Persian War Concluded
 Themistocles convinces citizens to
evacuate the city and fight the
Persians at sea.
 Xerses burns Athens.
 Persians are defeated at sea near
the island of Salamis.
 Spartans defeat the rest of the
Persians at Plataea in 479 B.C.
Pericles Three Goals for Athens
 Age of Pericles.
 Strengthens Athenian democracyPaid public officials.
 Strengthens Athens- Athens has
the strongest navy.
 Glorified Athens- Purchased gold,
ivory, and marble.
 Artisans and architects.
Pericles
Phidias
Greek Arts
During this time- order, balance,and
proportion or classical art was valued.
 Greek built the first theaters.
Supported the wealthy.
 Tragedy- serious drama about love,
hate, war, or betrayal. Character was
usually a tragic hero. Displayed hubris
or excessive pride.
 Comedy- was a drama with slapstick
situation and crude humor.

Classical Art
Drama's of
Greece
Peloponnesian War
 Tension between Athens and
Sparta grows.
 Sparta declared war on Athens in
431 B.C.
 Sparta had the stronger army
 Athens had the stronger navy.
 In 430 B.C.,Plague killed one-third
to two- thirds of Athens citizens,
including Pericles.
Persian War Concluded
In 415 B.C., Athens was defeated
by the Spartans at Syracuse, Sicily.
 Athens fends off Sparta for another
nine years.
 In 404 B.C., Athens and its allies
surrender to the Spartans.


Philosophers Search for Truth
 Philosophers were lovers of
wisdom who wanted to seek the
truth.
 Socates -Encouraged Greeks to
questions themselves. Poisoned.
 Plato- Writes The Republic.
Academy.
 Aristotle- Question the nature of the
world. Scientific method.
Socrates Death
Plato
Aristotle
Philip II Builds Macedonian Power
Macedonia had a rough mountains
and a cold climate.
 Greeks looked down on the
Macedonians.
 Philip becomes king at age twentythree.
 Brilliant general and a ruthless
politician.

Philip II Conquerors Greece
 Greek city-states were sharply
divided.
 Warned by the orator
Demosthenes.
 Thebes and Greece unite to fight
the Macedonians.
 In 338 B.C.,Greeks defeated at the
Battle of Chaeronea.
Philip II
Demosthenes
Alexander Becomes King
In 336 B.C., Philip II would be
assassinated at his daughter's
wedding.
 His son, Alexander, becomes king
at age twenty.
 When he comes to power, Thebes
rebels. About 6,000 are killed and
the rest are sold into slavery.

Alexander and His Invasion of
Persia
 Tutored by Alexander and skilled
science, geography, and literature.
 Alexander's victory at Granicus
River and Issus gave him control of
Anatolia.
 In 332 B.C., he seized contol of
Egypt and was crowed pharaoh.
Iliad
Bucephalus
Alexander Conquerors the Persian
Empire
 Alexander turns down a peace
settlement from Darius III.
 Defeats Darius at Gaugamelia.
 Occupies places such as
Bablyon,Susa, and Persepilus.
 Persian capital is burned.
 Darius III flees from battle and is
later found dead.
Alexander's Other Conquest
More interested in expanding his
empire than governing.
 Reached the Indus Valley in 327
B.C.
 Win a fierce battle against Indian
army at Hydaspes River.
 He and his men go back home
after fighting for eleven years.

Alexander's Empire
River
Hydaspes
Alexander's Death and Legacy
 Announces plans to organize and
unify his empire.
 Became seriously ill with a fever
and dies at the age of thirty two.
 Alexander's empire goes to?
 Antigonus- Macedonia/ Greece.
 Ptolemy- Egypt.
 Seleucus- Old Persian Empire.
Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria
 Hellenistic is Greek culture blended
with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian
culture.
 Alexandria becomes the foremost
center of commerce and Hellenistic
civilization.
 A diverse population makes
Alexandria a cosmopolitan city of
about 500,000 people.
Pharos
Museum
Library
Astronomy
Aristarchus of Samos estimated
that the sun was three hundred
times bigger than the earth. Also
said earth and other planets
revolve around the sun.
 Ptolomy- Earth was the center of
the solar system.
 Eratosthenes- Closely calculated
earth's true size.

Mathematics and Physics
Euclid's book, the Elements, had
465 geometric positions and truths.
 Archimedes estimated the value of
pi, law of the lever, a screw for
lifting water from the ground, and a
catapult device.
 Pythagoras founded a school to
teach math.

Hellenistic Philosophy
Stoicism believed that people
should live a virtuous life in
harmony with the natural order.
Avoid vices.
 Epicureanism believed the only
thing that was real was what the
five senses could perceive. Highest
pleasures comes from good
conduct and absence of pain.

Zeno
Epicurus
Hellenistic Art
Hellenistic sculptures were
more realistic and emotional.
 Moved away from the forms of
the classical age.
 Sculpted ordinary people.

Colossus of Rhodes