Transcript Glorious Greece - Ms. Piñol`s World History Class

Glorious Greece
Where are we talking about?
We are here
Greece is over here
Where are we talking about?
Mesopotamia- Studied this area!
Egypt- Studied this area!
Knossos Fresco
Trojan Horse
Epic Poems by Homer
Balkan Peninsula
Rise of Greece
&
Greek Geography
Unit 2
Day 1
Climate
• Arid, dry
• mild climate
• surrounded by water
– (all Greeks live within 40 miles of the
Sea)
• volcanic area (unstable)
• land – stony. suitable only for
•
grazing livestock, growing wheat,
barley, citrus, dates, and olives
no large scale farming
Geography
• a country in SE (southeastern)
•
•
•
Europe
from the Balkans into the
Mediterranean Sea
surrounded by Aegean & Ionian
Seas
80% = mountainous
– (country is one of the most
mountainous countries of Europe)
• made up of a peninsula and
many islands
Early People of Greece
• terrain made travel difficult
• Because of geography people in early Greece
had to be self-reliant & rarely interacted with
their neighbors
(Many people would be born in, live in and die in
the same community without ever leaving)
• unifying Greece under one set of laws was
•
•
near impossible
Greeks formed city-states
*City-State: political unit made up of a
city and surrounding lands*
Minoans
• earliest civilization - Minoan
• lived in Crete
– (island south of mainland Greece)
• frescoes at the palace of Knossos
tell us much about Minoan life
(importance of the sea, religion)
• from 2700-1450 BC
• economics: used the sea as a trade
route
• end of Minoans: invasion by the
Mycenaeans, huge volcanic eruption
Mycenaeans
• Bold sea traders, fierce warriors
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and great engineers of Early
Greece
Absorbed the cultures of
Minoans, Egyptians and
Mesopotamians
Lived on mainland
1400-1200 BC
Best known for the Trojan War
Homer
(not Homer Simpson)
• Blind Poet who wrote
the Iliad and the Odyssey
• Told the story of the Trojan War
and the journey of Odyssess
• Interesting Fact: Trojan War-thought to be
a myth until the 1870’s when archaeologist
H. Schliemann found evidence of fire and
war dating back to 1250 BC
Dorians
• Invaded and controlled Greece: 1100-800 BC
• Dark period-no writing, general decline
SPARTAAAAA!!!!
Greek Warfare
The Phalanx – a
massive formation
of heavily armed
soldiers.
required long hours
of drilling
Shared training
created a sense of
unity among citizensoldiers.
Hoplite
soldier
• The hoplite phalanx- about 700 B.C.
• Differs - disorganized individual fighting of the
Dark Ages
• well-organized weapon of destruction.
• The soldiers stood with locked shields and
moved as one, like a tank bristled with spears,
across the field of battle.
• The panoply (outfit)of the hoplite consisted
of a helmet, corselet, greaves, round hoplon or
shield, short sword and long spear.
• The old-style army had no hope
• Every Greek state was forced to adopt it
• Before soldiers needed a horse to be part of
military which meant you needed
MONEY
• NOW… some math
• no horse needed + metal cheaper
= more soldiers
The Wars!!!
• Persian Wars
• Empire from Asia Minor to India… SUPER
HUGE and wanted more
• Greeks (Ionians) REBEL in 499BC
• Athens sends ships to help
• Darius gets MAD!
Marathon
• POINT = Punish Athens – sent huge force
• Met at Marathon – Persians outnumber Greeks
but Greeks overwhelm Persia and…..
• WIN! Victory!
• General Themistocles urged Athens to build a
navy
• Darius dies and…
dun dun dun…
Xerxes is now KING!
Pheidippides
• Was a messenger at the battle of
Marathon who ran all the way back to
Athens (26.2 miles) to tell everyone of the
victory.
• He gave the message and… died.
• Marathons are now named that in his
memory.
• AND NOW YOU KNOW!
SPARTAAAAA!!!!!!!!!
• Battle of Thermopylae – YES the movie 300 is
REAL!
• 300 Spartans stood against the entire Persian
force at a narrow mountain pass
• Heroic stand
• But in the end… the Spartans are defeated 
The Persians March Forward
• Persian march to Athens and burn the city
• Athenians escape to safety
• Rely on NAVY to finish the Persians!
Salamis
• NAVYS meet at the narrow strait of Salamis
• Athenians badly defeated the Persian forces
with their positioning and powerful triremes
• Xerxes watched helplessly as his fleet SUNK!
• WINNER = GREECE
Need to protect the polis
• Athens alliance – Delian League
• Sparta and Athenian enemies alliance –
Peloponnesian League
• Fighting began 431 BC
– Lasted 27 yrs
Sparta – army
Athens - navy
Sparta captured Athens in 404 BC with the help of
the…gasp…. Persians
Age of Pericles
• 460 – 429 BC Golden Age of Greece
• Pericles – Leader/Statesman
• Economy BOOMIN!
• Athens – Direct Democracy
• Council of 500 – selected
Pericles cont.
• Rebuilt burned city
• Created a cultural center
– Public festivals
– Dramatic competitions
– Building programs
Battles
Who/
When
Where
Why
Outcome
Marathon Thermopylae
Salamis
Peloponnesian
Unit 2 Day 4
Glory That Was Greece
Intro:
• believed in power of the
human mind
• Were curious & believed in
reason
• Greek achievements in the
arts represented the height
of human development in the
western world
• Were the possibly the world’s
first advanced civilization
Greek Philosophers
• Challenged belief that events were caused by the
•
•
Gods.
Instead…used observation/reason to find the
causes of events
Philosopher=lover of wisdom
Ethical Issues
• Interested in ethics & morality.
• Debated big questions “What
was the best kind of gov’t?
What standards should rule
human behavior?”
• In Athens, Sophists questioned
accepted ideas. Success more
important than moral truth.
• Developed skills in rhetoric
Socrates
•
•
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Outspoken critic of the Sophists
what we know about him is from Plato
wrote no books
Created Socratic Method
Helped others seek truth and
knowledge
Athenians saw this as a threat to
traditions.
@ 70 put to trial - accused of corrupting
the city’s youth and failing to respect
the gods.
Condemned to death
Drank Hemlock – poison
“I am the wisest man alive, for I know one
thing, and that is that I know nothing.”
Plato
“If a man neglects
education, he walks
lame to the end of his
life.”
• Death of Socrates left him with a distrust
of democracy.
• Set up school – The Academy – REASON
• THE REPUBLIC –an ideal state – rejected
democracy
• states should regulate every aspect of
it’s citizens lives
Ideal Society = 3 Classes
• 1-Workers – produce necessity of life
• 2-Soldiers – to defend the state
• 3-Philosophers – to rule
• Philosopher-King=best possible
ruler/ultimate authority.
Aristotle
• Student of Plato
• Analyzed all forms of government
• Favored rule by a single, strong &
virtuous leader.
Questioned how people ought to live.
Promoted reason as a guiding force for
learning.
Set up a school – The Lyceum, for the
study of all knowledge.
University courses based on his work
“Happiness depends upon ourselves.”
•
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Architecture and Art
• Architecture – create perfect
balance to reflect the harmony
and order in the universe.
• Most famous: The Parthenon
Sculpture and Painting
• Work looks lifelike and idealistic.
• Sculptors carved Gods,
•
Goddesses, Athletes & famous
men
showed individuals in their most
perfect/graceful form.
Poetry and Drama
• Developed their own style
• Called the classical style
Beginnings of Greek Drama
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•
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1st plays evolved out of religious festivals
performed in outdoor theaters
Actors wore costumes and masks
chorus sang/chanted comments on the action.
based on popular myths and legends.
Tragedy & Comedy
Tragedy
• Purpose of tragedies – stir
emotions of pity and fear
– THE ORESTEIA – Aeschylus
– Antigone – Sophocles
– THE TROJAN WOMEN - Euripides
Comedy
• Through ridicule, comic
playwrights sharply criticized
society.
– Lysistrata – Aristophanes
And now… my favorite part…

The Writing of History
Herodotus –“the father of history” THE HISTORIES
• He visited lands and collected info.
• stressed the importance of research.
Thucydides The Peloponnesian War… remember the
civil war between Athens and Sparta
– he lived through it and described its savagery &
corrupting influences on both sides.
• showed the need to avoid bias.
Both writers set standards for future historians.
Day 5
Alexander and the
Hellenistic Age
Alexander the Great
Vocab
• Hellenistic Culture:
– Blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian
cultures
• Heliocentric
• Assimilated
Alexander the Great
• Macedonia- city state in north Greece,
ruled by King Philip
– 338 BC Philip conquered all city-states south
– Son= Alexander
• Alexander then conquered
– Persian Empire & parts of India
• Spread Greek culture, absorbed other
cultures-
– Created Hellenistic Culture
Alexander cont.
• July 356 BC-June 323
•
•
BC
King at age 20
Conquered- 12 years
– Most of Persian Empire
– Palestine (Jews)
– Egypt
• Encouraged troops to
•
marry foreigners.
Unable to conquer India
– Heads home
Alexander cont.
• Struck down age 33 by Malaria
– “To the strongest” – who gets the empire?
• No one leader strong enough
– Empire split into three
• Macedonia and Greece
• Egypt- Ptolemy
• Most of Persia
Hellenistic Age
• Alexander built cities throughout empire
– Mostly named Alexandria
• Greek soldiers settled in cities
• brought own culture and
– local people assimilated (absorbed) Greek
ideas
– Likewise Greek assimilated foreign ideas
• Hellenistic Culture born!
The following are advances
achieved from Hellenistic
Culture
School of Thought
• Stoicism emerged.
• Taught moral standards,
– Avoid desires and disappointment
– Calmly accept whatever life brought.
Advances in Learning
• Mathematics
– Pythagoras derived a formula to calculate
triangles.
• a²+b²=c²
– Euclid wrote the textbook for modern geometry.
Science
• Aristarchus developed the theory of a
heliocentric (sun center) solar system.
• Archimedes applied physics to create the
lever and pulley.
Medicine
• Hippocrates set the ethical standards for
doctors.
– “help the sick according to my ability and
judgment but never with a view to injury or
wrong”