Transcript Treatment

Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
CHAPTER 17:
Treatment
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Treatment
Psychological Therapies
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
Medical Interventions
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Professionals Involved in Therapy
 Clinical Psychologists
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Ph.D. in psychology, conducts testing, diagnosis, treatment,
and research
 Counseling Psychologists
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Ph.D. in counseling, help people with marital, family, and
minor adjustment problems
 Psychiatrists
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M.D., does a residency in psychiatry and can prescribe
medications
 Psychiatric Social Workers

Master’s degree in social work with special training in
counseling
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalytic Therapies
 Uncovering, resolving unconscious
conflicts
 Orthodox Psychoanalysis
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Free association
Dream Analysis
Resistance
Transference
 Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalytic Therapies
 Free association

A basic technique of psychoanalysis in which
the patient says whatever comes to mindfreely and without censorship
 Resistance
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The tendency for patients to actively block,
or “resist,” psychologically painful insights
 Transference

The tendency of patients to displace intense
feelings for others onto the therapist
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
 Behavioral-therapy or Cognitive-behavioral
Therapy
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Techniques used to modify disordered thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors through the principles of
learning
 Classical Conditioning Techniques
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Flooding, Systematic Desensitization, Aversion
Therapy
 Operant-Conditioning Techniques
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Reward and Punishment, Token Economy,
Biofeedback, Social Skills Training
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
 Classical-Conditioning Techniques
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Flooding
• Technique in which the patient is saturated with a
fear-provoking stimulus until the anxiety is
extinguished
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Systematic Desensitization
• Technique used to treat anxiety disorders by pairing
gradual exposure to an anxiety-provoking situation
with relaxation
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Aversion Therapy
• Technique for classically conditioned people to react
with aversion to alcohol and other harmful substances
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Therapeutic Effects of Exposure & Response Prevention
 These are BaselineInstruction-Response
Prevention (RP)
cycles from a woman
with a hand-washing
compulsion.
 After a few cycles,
the woman was
washing less often
and getting fewer
urges to wash.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Hand
Washing
Urges
Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Aversion Therapy to Treat Alcoholism
 Alcohol is paired with a chemical that causes nausea
and vomiting.
 Person should learn to associate alcohol with nausea.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
 Operant-Conditioning Techniques
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Reward and Punishment
• Token Economy
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Biofeedback
• Procedure in which people learn to control
physiological responses with the help of “feedback”
about their internal states
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Social Skills Training
• Used to teach interpersonal skills through modeling,
rehearsal, and reinforcement (e.g., assertiveness
training)
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Biofeedback and the Tension Headache
 Sensors on the head
detect muscle activity.
 System converts signal
to visual display.
 Patient watches the
display, learns to relax
forehead muscles.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
 Cognitive Therapy
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A form of psychotherapy in which people are
taught to think in more adaptive ways
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
• A form of cognitive therapy in which people are
confronted with their irrational, maladaptive
beliefs
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Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
• Uses a gentler, more collaborative approach to
cognitive therapy
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Ellis’ A-B-C Theory of Emotional Distress
 Emotional distress is caused by irrational thoughts
and self-defeating beliefs.
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Activating Event - Beliefs - Consequences
 Emotional consequences then help sustain the
irrational beliefs.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Humanistic Therapies
 Removing impediments to personal growth
 Person-Centered Therapy
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Involves a warm and accepting environment to
foster self-insight and acceptance
Founded by Carl Rogers
Therapists show empathy, unconditional positive
regard, and use reflection
 Gestalt Therapy
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Therapy in which clients are aggressively prompted
to express their feelings
Founded by Fritz Perls
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Psychological Therapies
Humanistic Therapies
Group-Therapy Approaches
 Group Therapy
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The simultaneous treatment of several clients in a
group setting
Each approach to psychotherapy has a form of group
therapy, e.g., transactional analysis is used by
psychoanalysts.
 Family Therapy
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Form of psychotherapy that treats the members of a
family as an interactive system
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
The Bottom Line: Does Psychotherapy
Work?
The Benefits of Psychotherapy
 Based on the results of 475 studies (Smith et al., 1980),
the average psychotherapy client shows more
improvement than 80% of those in the no-treatment
control group.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
Improvement in Psychotherapy: The
More The Better?
 With additional therapy
sessions, the percentage of
people who improve
increases up to 26
sessions.
 Rate of improvement then
levels off.
 At one session per week,
six months appears to be
the ideal of amount of
time.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
Are Some Therapies Better Than Others?
 All approaches are equally effective.
 However for some disorders, certain types
of therapy tend to be more successful.
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Examples: behavioral therapy for phobias,
person-centered therapy for raising self-esteem,
and cognitive therapy for depression
 There is no universal “best” type of therapy.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
What are the Active Ingredients?
 Three common, nonspecific factors are
apparent in all types of psychotherapy.
 Supportive Relationship
 A Ray of Hope
• Placebo Effect (the curative effect of an inactive
treatment that results simply from the patient’s
belief in its therapeutic value) operates but it is not
as effective as real psychotherapy.
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Opportunity to Open Up
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
What is the Future of Psychotherapy?
Orientations of Psychotherapists
Eclectic: Borrowing ideas and techniques from different
approaches
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Medical Interventions
Drug Therapies
 Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on
psychological processes and
disorders
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Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Medical Interventions
Drug Therapies
Antipsychotic Drugs & Hospitalization Trends
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Medical Interventions
Types of Drug Treatments I
 Antianxiety Drugs
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Tranquilizing medications used in the
treatment of anxiety
Trade names: Librium, Valium, Xanax, BuSpar
 Antidepressants
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Drugs that relieve depression by increasing the
supply of norepinephrine, serotonin, or
dopamine
Trade names: Tofranil, Prozac
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Medical Interventions
Types of Drug Treatments II
 Mood Stabilizer
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Calms mania; may reduce bipolar mood swings
Trade Name: Lithium Carbonate
• A drug used to control mania and mood swings in people
with bipolar disorder
 Antipsychotic Drugs
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Drugs used to control the positive symptoms of
schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Trade names: Thorazine, Clozaril, Risperdal
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Medical Interventions
Perspectives on Drug Therapies
 Drugs have helped numerous people who once
lived in psychiatric institutions.
 People may not respond well to psychotherapy.
 However, some drugs produce unpleasant or
dangerous side effects and may lead to a physical
and/or psychological addiction.

Thus, patients become passive in the healing process.
 Neither psychotherapy nor drug therapy has been
found to be generally more effective.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Medical Interventions
 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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Electric-shock treatments that often relieve
severe depression by triggering seizures in
the brain
 Psychosurgery
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The surgical removal of portions of the
brain for the purpose of treating
psychological disorders
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
How To: Beating the Winter Blues
Seasonal Differences in SAD
 Seasonal Affective
Disorder (SAD) is
depression linked to certain
times of year.
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Symptoms are lethargy,
withdrawal, increases in
sleeping and eating
 People with SAD feel even
worse than most people do
in the winter.
 Light therapy can ease
their suffering.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Where People Turn for Help
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin