Transcript Therapy - J. Randall Price, Ph.D.

Therapy
• Any treatment process for mental disorders
• Variety of types
Psychological (psychotherapy)
Biomedical
• Common element: a relationship focused on
change.
Obstacles to Therapy
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Stigma
Lack of money or insurance
Lack of qualified therapists
Certain types of disorders
Friend or Therapist ?
• Friend may have own needs.
• Therapist is confidential.
• Friend may not have expertise.
Basic Tasks of Therapy
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Problem Indentification
Etiology (cause)
Prognosis
Treatment Plan
Mental Health Care Professionals
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Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychiatrist
Psychoanalyst
Psychiatric nurse practitioner
Clinical social worker
Pastoral counselor
Psychological Therapies
• Behavioral--change learned habit patterns.
• Cognitive--restructure thinking patterns.
• Psychodynamic--develop insight into
unresolved hidden conflicts.
• Humanistic--emphasize freedom of choice
and development of healthy relationships
Behavioral Therapies
• Based on operant and classical
conditioning.
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Counterconditioning
Systematic desensitization
Aversion therapy
Contingency management
Token economy
Cognitive Therapies
• Emphasize rational thinking as key to
changing emotions and behavior.
• Both
– what we think (content)
– how we think (process)
• Emotional dysfunction comes from
irrational beliefs not an event itself.
Beck’s Approach
• Negative self-talk becomes automatic
• Evaluate the evidence for and against these
automatic thoughts
• Discover alternate thoughts
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
(REBT)
• Founder--Albert Ellis
• Emotional and behavioral problem develops
from irrational beliefs not the event itself.
• Therapist challenges the irrational beliefs.
Irrational Beliefs
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I must always succeed.
I should always receive approval.
I should always be treated fairly.
My experiences should always be pleasant.
Cognitive-behavioral Therapy
• Most contemporary form of psychotherapy
• Combines cognitive techniques to change
thinking with alterations in reinforcement
contingencies.
Research on Psychotherapy
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Therapy better than no therapy.
Longer better than short therapy.
All forms of therapy equally effective.
Best to match specific therapies to specific
conditions.
Counseling Your Friends/Family
• Best to refer to professionals if serious.
• Try to avoid advice-giving.
• Use non-directive techniques.
Non-directive Techniques
• Active Listening
• Acceptance
• Exploration of Alternatives
Active Listening
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Use paraphrasing.
Ask for clarification.
Shows interest and empathy.
Helps the person organize their thinking
about the problem.
Unconditional Acceptance
• Non-judgmental attitude
• Accept the person and the problem.
Exploration of Alternatives
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Help identifying other potential choices.
Explore the consequences of each.
Point out that doing
Remember the choice is up to the individual
who owns the problem.
Biomedical Therapies
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Treatments that focus on altering the brain.
Based on the medical model of abnormality.
Drug Therapy
Psychosurgery
Electroconvulsive and Magnetic Therapies
Antipsychotic Drugs
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Developed in 1950’s
Thorazine, Haldol
Major tranquilizers
Also diminish psychotic symptoms
Reduce the activity of neurotransmitter
dopamine
Antidepressant Drugs
• Lift depressed mood.
• Most common now are SSRIs.
• Prolong action of neurotransmitter
serotonin.
• Prozac, Zoloft, etc.
• Side effects but not addictive.
Antianxiety Drugs
• Diminish feelings of anxiety.
• Increase activity of neruotransmitter GABA
• Most common now are benzodiazepines
such as Valium or Xanax.
• Have side effects and are addictive.
Stimulants
• Used to treat narcolepsy and ADHD.
• Ritalin
• Increase availability of neurotransmitters
dopamine and/or serotonin.
Other Biomedical Therapies
• Psychosurgery--frontal lobotomy, split brain
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)-treats
depression by causing seizures
• Hospitalization--asylum and therapeutic
community
• Deinstitutionalization--community mental
health movement