Transcript Ancient Greece - Net Start Class

Ancient
Greece
Greece is a mountainous peninsula that is made up of
more than 1,000 islands. The sea was extremely
important to the Greeks as a means of transportation
and communication.
Review of Geography
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Part of the Balkan Peninsula
Greece is mountainous
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Development of independent city-states
The soil is rocky and therefore unfertile
Seas were important for communication but
also for trade
Review of Geography
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Because so little farmland and freshwater
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Never able to support a large population
Diet based on staple crops such as grains,
grapes, and olives
Desire for additional resources and adequate
farmland probably the motivation to establish
colonies
TIMELINE
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2000 BC - Crete – Minoans rule
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1600 BC – Greece – Mycenaean Kings rule
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1450 BC – Crete – Mycenaeans invade Crete
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1400 BC – Crete – Minoans disappear
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1200 BC – Anatolia – Trojan War Dorian Age
Early Greece
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Minoan Civilization (2000 BC – 1500 BC)
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First Civilization in Europe (Balkan Peninsula)
Founded on the island of Crete
Early Greece (cont’d)
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King Minos ruled Knossos and was the
protector of the Minotaur according to
legend
Sea People: Sailors, Fishermen, and
Traders
Theories of Disappearance
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Volcanic eruption
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Trade collapsed
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Thera – Island 100 km from Crete
Imported grain
Famine broke out
Overpopulation
Mycenaeans invaded and conquered
Mycenaeans
• 2000 BC – Mainland Greece
• Last phase of Bronze Age in
Greece
• Warrior Kings
• Militaristic Rulers
• Developed City-States
B. Mycenaean Civilization (1600B.C to 1200
B.C.)
1. Built fortified cities in Peloponesus
- Mycenae (my see nee)
2. War-like Conquered Crete
3. 1200 B.C. invaders conquered it.
Burial mask of
Mycenaean King
Ruins of Mycenae
Background Information
• Settled on the Greek mainland
• Known as Mycenaeans, after main city,
Mycenae
• City-states controlled by militaristic rulers
LIFE OF MYCENAEANS
• Nobles
–Life of Splendor
–Drank from Gold Pitchers and
Silver cups
–Buried with Treasures
• Commoners
–Farmers, weavers, goat hearders
–Leftovers from Nobles
Preservation of Minoan Culture
• Invasions by Mycenaeans prevented
Minoans from rebuilding their cities
• Adopted pieces of Minoan culture into
everyday lives
– Value of seaborne trade
– Writing system
– Minoan legends helped form part of the Greek
religion
MYCENAE
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Leading City-State
On top of steep rocky ridge
20 Ft walls
90 km SW of Athens
Military Strong Hold
Ruins at
Mycenae
Outline of
the City
walls
Recreation of Mycenae
Lion’s Gate at Mycenae
Trojan War
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Begins approximately 1200 B.C.
1189 B.C. the city of Troy falls
Greek city-states v. Troy
Cause:
– According to legend, a Trojan youth, Paris,
kidnapped Helen, the wife of Greek king,
Menelaus
GREECE
TURKEY
CRETE
ROMANTIC VERSION
Paris of Troy
– Most beautiful man alive
– Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful
woman in the world
• Helen, wife of Menelaus
Paris travels to Sparta
– Steals Helen while Menelaus is at Funeral
– Takes her back to Troy and marries her
• Menelaus calls upon all former
suitors to attack Paris and Troy
• Odysseus calls on Achilles, the
greatest warrior in all of Greece
• Agamemnon was commander-inchief of Greek army
MONETARY VERSION
Trade with Asia
–Dardenelles
– Constantinople
–Sea of Marmara
–Black Sea
• Ruler who controls TROY controls
TRADE
WAR AT TROY
10 year war
–1st nine Greeks battled Troy and
surrounding regions
–Greeks realized other regions were
helping Troy
–Greeks defeated the other regions
Hard times under the Dorians
• Dorians replaced the
Mycenaeans around 1200
BC.
• Dorians were much less
advanced – no writing
exists during their time
• Homer = kept stories alive
with epic poems and
myths
• The Illiad
• The Odyssey
II. Greek Religion
A. Gods and Goddesses ruled from Mt.
Olympus
1. Zeus – King of
the gods and of the
Sky.
2. Hera – Queen of
gods, wife of Zeus
and goddess of
marriage and
3. Hades – brother of Zeus and ruler
women
of the Underworld (House of Hades)
all dead went there.
4. Poseidon – brother of Zeus and Ruler of the
Sea
5. Athena - daughter of Zeus, goddess of wisdom
6. Aphrodite - daughter of Zeus, goddess of
Love and Beauty
7. Apollo – god of light, music, poetry, archers, and
the Sun.
8. Dionysus – god of fertility and wine
*Myths – stories of the gods and heroes
Ex. Pandora – opened a chest and let all the evils loose
III. Greek City-States
A. Greek city-states were called Polis (fort).
(politics, police, policy, etc.)
1. Chora – surrounding area
2. Agora – Public meeting place
3. Acropolis – Hill or mountain with
temples, public buildings
Ex. Parthenon – temple of Athena on
Acropolis in Athens.
Acropolis
IV. Early History
A. Age of Kings (1000 B.C. –700 B.C.)
1. Epics – Long poems about the gods and heroes
were written.
* Illiad- About Trojan war between Greeks and
the city of Troy in Asia Minor (Turkey).
* Odyssey - Odysseus (Hero) fights to return to
Ithaca after Trojan War.
*Both written by Homer – a blind
Greek poet
D’OH!!!!
Trojan Horse
The 2 main citystates that existed in
Greece:
1.Athens
2.Sparta
Life in Athens
• Democracy was government (by the
people)
• Rich and poor struggled for power
• Solon reformed government to outlaw
debt slavery and allow all citizens to
charge others with crime
• Cleisthenes reformed Athens
government so all citizens could
participate
• Women focused life in the home and
with children
B. Athens (personal freedom/ intellectual center of
Greece) 1. Sea traders, and farmers
To more Democracy
2. Democracy – all citizens participated in
government.
3. Four Reformers made Athens a Democracy:
Draco - Code of Laws were harsh but
written for all to read (Draconian = harsh)
Solon – allowed most citizens to vote,
cancelled debts to prevent debt slavery.
Pisistratus – exiled nobles who disagreed
with him and gave their land to landless.
Cleisthenes – established democracy. All
citizens voted on all issues.
B. Rise of Nobles (c. 700 B.C.)
1. Aristocracies rule by Nobles
2. Oligarchy rule by wealthy
C. Age of Tyrants (650 B.C. – 500 B.C.)
* Tyrant – cruel ruler which has total power
Life in Sparta
• Spartans conquered Messenian
people and made them work the land
(helots)
• Oligarchy (rule by a few people) was
the Government
• Military and athletics more important
than anything else
• Children as young as 7 sent to military
camp
• Even women were active in fighting
• Less time for arts
V. Two City-States
A. Sparta (Military State) 1200 B.C.
1. Helots – Sparta’s slave farmers
2. Suspicious of strangers, little trade, gov.
controlled people from cradle to grave.
3. At seven, boys went to live in a barracks
(military). Served until age 60. Unhealthy babies
left on mountain to die. Boys could not wear shoes
and had one set of clothes. They stole to eat, if
caught were beaten.
Ruins of Sparta
VI. Persian Wars
A. Cyrus – King of Persia conquered Greek citystates in Asia Minor. (546 B.C.)
B. Darius –(son of Cyrus) puts down revolts of
these city-states (499B.C.) (“Remember the
Athenians”)
C. 492 B.C. Darius sent a fleet to defeat Athens.
A storm sinks them.
D. 490 B.C. the Persians fought a battle
against the Greeks at Marathon.
(Battle of Marathon) A Greek
runner ran 26 mile to Athens to give
the news of victory. He died.
(Pheidippides)
Darius
Persian Wars
• Wars between Greece and the Persian
Empire (490 BC)
• Greeks far better trained warriors
– Battle of Marathon and runner Pheidippides
– Greeks defeat the Persians badly
• Darius the Great attacks from Persia 480
BC
– Greeks badly divided; beaten by Persians
– Persian General Xerxes attacks and burns
Athens
– After Persian Wars Athens leads the Delian
League (alliance of 140 city-states for defense
and protection)
E. Xerxes (son of Darius) – tried to defeat
Greeks with an army of 200,000 (480 B.C.)
Battle of Thermopylae –300 Spartans under
King Leonidas with 6,000 allies hold the
Persians for 3 days.
F. Battle of Salamis (479 B.C.) Greeks destroyed
the Persian fleet.
G. Battle of Plataea – Last Persian army defeated.
THE GREEKS WON!!!
Leonidas
Salamis
(David)
Athens’ Golden Age was an
important time for drama,
sculpture, poetry, philosophy,
arts, and science
Pericles’ 3 Goals for
Athens
Direct
Democracy
(people elect
leaders)
Increase the
wealth and
power of
Athens
Glorify Athens with
beautiful art and
sculptures
VII. Pericles - Greatest leader of Athens
(461 B.C. –429 B.C.)
A. “Age of Pericles” – time of Great
prosperity for Athens (Athens's “Golden
Age”)
B. Delian League – alliance of citystates against future Persian attacks.
(140+ city-states)
C. Athens dominated them and rebuilt
their city with its money.
The “disc thrower”
and the Acropolis
were 2 of the
examples of the
Golden Age of
Greece with bronze
and marble.
Pericles was the greatest
statesman of Athens, and
helped create the “Golden
Age” of Greece.
Socrates
• 469-399 B.C.
• Believed in absolute
standards for truth &
justice.
* Created a teaching method
of questions and answers.
• At age of 70, was tried and
convicted for his beliefs.
• Chose to drink poison for a
death on his own terms.
Plato
• 427-347 B. C.
• Student of Socrates/teacher
of Aristotle
• Greatly affected by Socrates’
death. Wrote down the
conversations of Socrates.
• Wrote his book The Republic
because he was not a fan
democracy.
Aristotle
• 384-322 B. C.
• Student of Plato/teacher of
Alexander the Great
• Opened a school called the
Lyceum
• Invented a method of
arguing according to rules of
logic.
• Became basis of the scientific
method used to this day.
VIII. Peloponnesian War (Athens v. Sparta)
A. Sparta did not like Athens’ heading the
Delian League. Sparta developed its own
alliance and declared war.
B. After years of war, Athens surrendered to
Sparta in 404 B.C. SPARTA WON!!! and took
Careful!
control of the Delian League.
You’ll put
an eye
out!
Greek Hoplite
Sparta and Corinth vs. Athens
The Peloponnesian War
• Lasted from 431 B.C. – 404 B.C.
• Athens finally defeated in 404 B.C.
• End of ‘Golden Age’ – Philosophers
search for truth
–Socrates, Plato, Aristotle question
nature of the world; create methods of
thinking we still use today
King Phillip II of Macedonia
attacked Greece in 338 B.C.
Greece no longer had its
freedom!
• City-states allowed to
continue, but now the
country of Greece under
the control of Macedonia
• Phillip II killed by
assassins -- his son
Alexander declares
himself King
Only 20 years old, Alexander
was ready to be King
• Taught by Greek philosopher Aristotle
• Defeated Darius III and Persian
Empire
• Invaded Egypt and declared pharaoh
• Conquered all the way to India by 327
B.C.
Alexander was known for
fighting bravely with his men
in battle. (Left) a bronze
statue of the General.
By 323 B.C. Alexander returns
from Asia to unify his Empire.
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Wanted to build roads, new cities, and
conquer Arabia
Became sick with a terrible fever – died at
only 32 years old
His Generals fought for control of Empire
1. Antigonus – became king of Macedonia
2. Ptolemy – declared himself pharaoh of Egypt
3. Seleucus – took control of old Persian Empire
Alexander’s Empire brought
different cultures into contact
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Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian ideas
began to come together to create
“Hellenistic Culture”
Alexandria, Egypt = important city for
commerce and technology
New ideas emerged about Math and
Science
1. Pythagorus and mathematical theorum
2. Archimedes discovers pi
3. Eratosthenes correctly discovered earth’s size
Pythagorus is remembered for his
mathematical theorum
Hellenistic Art blended
the ideas of different
cultures, and used realism
to show everyday life.
The Colossus of Rhodes was one of the 7
Wonders of the World.
The End