Transcript Chapter 5.1 Socialization and Interaction -2x

Chapter 5
Socialization and Interaction
George Ritzer
Presented by Rolande D. Dathis
Chapter outline
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The Individual and the self
Concept of the Individual as performers
Socialization concepts
Interaction concepts
The Individuals and the
Self the self
The individual
and
The “I” and
The “Me”
Symbolism
interaction
Significant
Symbol
Symbolic Interaction
And Development of
Self
Mind and Self
Symbolic
interaction
Mind Self Play
Game
Stage Stage
Humans and
Nonhumans
Gestures
Looking- glass Self
The individual and the self
• Sociologists are hardly ever concerned with
any individual person. Rather, their study
focuses on individuals in general.
• Humans are different from other animals
because humans respond to other humans.
• Humans have the capability of responding to
gestures. Other animals, however, can’t.
Symbolic Interaction and the self
 According to Ritzer, meaning and symbols
facilitate interactions between individuals.
 Individuals adjust meaning and symbols they
develop in interaction.
Charles Horton Coley (1864-1929)
Looking –Glass Self
Cooley: looking –glass self
• “ The self image that reflects how others
respond to a person , particularly as a
child”(Ritzer 2015p145).
Cooley: looking –glass self
George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
Mead: Humans and Nonhumans
 Gestures: the movements of one person that
acquire an automatic and a correct answer from
another person.
• Conversations of gestures- both animals and
humans utilize gestures to communicate to one
another. However there are great differences
• Vocal gesture- both animals and humans can
make vocal gestures.
• humans have the capability of controlling their
vocal gestures.
• animals do not have this ability.
Mead: Humans and Nonhumans
• The concepts of mind and self represent the
main differences between humans and
nonhumans in Mead’s thoughts on the
development of human beings.
Mead : Symbolic interaction
 Type of gestures that only humans can make
(significant symbol )
 Even though several Animals show similarities to
human language however they are not capable to
converse by means of such symbols.
 “Symbols also make possible symbolic interaction
on the basis of not only gestures but also
significant symbols”(Ritzer 2005p147).
Symbolic interaction cont’d
“ Significant symbol- A gesture that arouses in
the individual the same kind of response,
although it need not be identical, as it
supposed to elicit from those to whom the
gesture is addressed” (Ritzer 2005 p.146).
Mead: Mind and Self
• Mind : “ An internal conversation that arises in
relation to, and its continuous with,
interactions, especially conversations that one
has with others in the social world”(Ritzer
2005p 147).
• This definition of mind emphasizes that the
overall community and its affiliations and
interactions precede the mind and not in
reverse.
Mind and Self
• Self: “The sense of oneself as an object”(Ritzer
2015p 148)
• Play stage:” Mead’s first stage in the socialization
process in which children learn to take on the
attitudes of specific others toward
themselves”(Ritzer 2015p148).
• Game stage: “ Mead’s second stage in the
socialization process in which a child develops a
self in the full sense of the term, because it is
Mind and Self cont’d
that the child begins to take on the role of a
group people simultaneously rather than the
roles to discrete individuals “(Ritzer 2015p.
148).
 Generalized other: “ A group or community
that provides the self with a source of selfdefinition “ (Ritzer 2015p149).
Mind and Self cont’d
• “I”: “The immediate response of an individual
to others; the part of the self that is
incalculable, unpredictable, an creative”(Ritzer
2015p 149).
• “Me”: “ The organized set of others’ attitudes
assumed by the individual; involves the
adoption by the individual of the generalized
order”(Ritzer 2015p 151).
The individual as Self
Erving Goffman(1922-1982)
• One of the most prominent sociologists of the
20th century in relation to the self.
• His work on the Presentation of Self in
Everyday Life (1959) was very influenced by
Mead’s ideas of the “I” and the “me”.
• According to Goffman the self is a dramatic
product of the interaction between the actors
and the audiences.
The Individual as Performer
The individual as The
Performer
Impression Management
Front and Back Stage
Dramaturgy
Front Stage
Back Stage
The Individual As Performer
• Dramaturgy: Goffman viewed a person’s
social life as a series of dramatic performances
on stage.
• Impression Management: Technique people
use to control their appearances on stage.
• Front stage: “The part of the social world
where the social performance is idealized to
define the situation for those who observe
it”(Ritzer 2015p152).
The Individual As Performer cont’d
• Back stage: “ the part of the social world
where people free to express themselves in
ways that are suppressed in the front
stage”(Ritzer 2015p153).
Socialization
Socialization
Socialization
Peers
Childhood
Socialization
Adult
Socialization
Gender
Consumer
Culture
Mass Media and
New Media
Agents of
Socialization
Workplace
Primary Socialization
And the Family
Primary
Socialization
Resocialization
Total
Institutions
Anticipatory
Socialization
Socialization
Socialization is a lifelong learning process
through which a person agrees to the ways of
a community or of the whole society
Ritzer: Socialization concepts
• Agents of socialization: The people who are
responsible for our socialization (family,
schools, peers, media).
• Primary socialization : “ the acquisition of
language, identities, gender roles, cultural
routines, norms, and values from parents and
other family members at the earliest stages of
an individual’s life”(Ritzer 2015p156).
Ritzer: Socialization concepts cont’d
• Anticipatory socialization : the learning of
norms and values in expectation of a function
we’ll have in the future.
• Reverse socialization: members of the younger
generation transmit knowledge to the older
generation.
• Workplace socialization: Socialization that
happens in many phases of a career.
Ritzer: Socialization concepts cont’d
• Resocialization : “the unlearning of old
behaviors, norms, and values and learning
new ones”(Ritzer 2015p 161).
• Total institution : “A closed, all-encompassing
place of residence and work set off from the
rest of society that meets all of the needs of
those enclosed within it”(Ritzer 2015p 162).
Interaction
Interaction
Superordinate Subordinate
Interaction
Doing
Interaction
Interaction
Order
Interaction
Reciprocity and
Status
Exchange
Conservation
Ascribed
Analysis
Status
Reciprocity
Status and Role
Role
Making
Role
Archived
Status
Role
conflict
Master
Role
Status
Overload
Interaction
A social commitment that engage more than
two individuals who perceive, and orient their
actions upon one another.
Ritzer: Interaction concepts
• Superordinate-subordinate: “relationship in
which the subordinate has at least some
freedom to actively participate”(Ritzer
2015p167).\
• Reciprocity : The hope that those engaged in
an interaction will offer and accept rewards of
almost the same value.
Ritzer: Interaction concepts cont’d
• Conversation analysis: An approach to the
analysis of how individuals accomplish
conversations.
• Interaction order: An area of interaction that
is organized and arranged, but in which the
arrange is built to keep a casual relationship
for everyone in the interaction rather than by
some formal structure.
Ritzer: Interaction concepts cont’d
• Status: “A dimension of the social stratification
system that relates to the prestige attached to
people’s position within society”(Ritzer
2015p165).
Micro – Level Social Structure
Micro – Level Social Structure
Interpersonal
Relationships
Social
Structure
Groups
Types of Groups
Dyads
Triads
Social Networks
Primary
Groups
Secondary
Groups
Reference
Groups
Ritzer: Status and Role
1- A status is a relative position of a person
within a social system.
2- A role is an expected behavior of a person
associated with their assigned status.
Ritzer: Status concepts
• Ascribed status: A position in which people
are assigned , or to which they progress, it is
not earned, but rather individual are born
with or had no power over.
• Master status: A position that is the greatest
important than any others, it supersedes all
other statuses and people most of the time
interact on its basis.
Ritzer: Role concepts
 Role conflict: incompatible role expectations
with an assigned position or several positions.
 Role overload: confrontation with more
expectations than an individual can possibly
hold.
 Role making: The capacity of individuals to
adjust their roles, at least to some degree.
Ritzer: Role concepts cont’d
• Social structures: “ Enduring and regular social
arrangements, such as family and the
state”(Ritzer 2015p167).\
Ritzer: Group
• “A group is a relatively small number of people
who over time develop a patterned
relationship based on interaction with one
another”(Ritzer 2015p170).
Ritzer: Types of Groups
 Dyad : a group of two persons
 Triad : a group of three persons
 Social network: a group of two or several
people, group of different associations
characterized by connections and nodes.
 Primary groups: groups that are not big, are
supportive, and have personal face-to-face
interaction.
Ritzer: Types of Groups cont’d
• Secondary groups: usually large group,
impersonal groups who have a common
purpose and members barely know each
other.
• Reference groups: Groups that people
compare themselves in evaluating their own
behavior.
• In group: a group to which individuals are
part of, and strongly identify as members.