Transcript 2.5 Derivative Models of the Communication Process

Principles of Communication
The Communication Process
SCOPE
Chapter 2 Lecture and Discussion:
• Communication Principles and Techniques
• Functions of Communication Strategies
• Processes of Effective Communication Strategies
Chapter 3 Case Study
• Instructor Review
• Student Q&A
http://youtu.be/snkwsU98QlQ
History of Communications Systems









1450 Johannes Gutenberg builds the movable printing press.
1826 Joseph Niepce of produces the world’s first permanent
photographic image.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell introduced telephone.
1877 Thomas Edison patents the phonograph.
1891 Thomas Edison and William Dickson invent the
kinetoscope.
1895 Guglielmo Marconi develops the wireless telegraph
1925 John Logie Baird transmits the first television signal.
1954 The transistor radio or tubeless radios become available
in the USA
1990 The world wide web is created in Europe. It’s chief
architect is Tim Berners-Lee.
2.3 Models of the Communication Process
Models of communication are not very different from forty
years ago.
This chapter presents the classic communication models…
• Shannon's information theory model (the active
model)
• A cybernetic model (the interactive model)
• An intermediary model (the gatekeeper model)
• The trans-active model (modern communications)
2.4 Shannon’s Model of the
Communication Process
Shannon's (1948) model of the communication
process is, in important ways, the beginning of the
modern field.
2.4 Shannon’s Model of the
Communication Process
Shannon's model breaks down into eight
components:
1. Source: An information source... the person sending the
information.
2. Message: The message… the information being sent.
3. Transmitter: A transmitter… the tools used to send the
information such as the mouth (sound) and body (gesture)
create and change a message, and air (sound) and light
(gesture) enable the transmission of the message.
2.4 Shannon’s Model of the
Communication Process
4. Signal: The signal… additional meaning associated with
the message such as the language of words being used,
or cultural importance of specific gestures and body
language.
2.4 Shannon’s Model of the
Communication Process
5. Channel: A carrier or channel… the method for delivering the
information such as words, letters, emails, radio waves, etc.
6. Noise: Noise… secondary signals that obscure or confuse the
information. Noise can be one person’s words, or even another
person’s own thoughts.
7. Receiver: A receiver… the tools used for receiving the information.
In face to face communication a set of ears (sound) and eyes (facial
expressions).
8. Destination: A destination… the person who receives theand
message.
understands
it?
Bell's drawing of the workings of a telephone, from his original sketches (source: Bell
Family Papers; Library of Congress; http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mcc/004/0001.jpg)
http://youtu.be/QnCBCQa-2XU
2.5 Derivative Models of the
Communication Process
A gatekeeper is an intermediary with the ability to
decide what messages others see, the context in
which they are seen, and when they see them.
Sometimes the gatekeeper prevents the message
from reaching an audience (destination).
In extreme variations we refer
to such gatekeepers as censors.
2.5 Derivative Models of the
Communication Process
Look at this Intermediary (Gatekeeper) Model…
Feedback is a message (or a set of messages).
The source of feedback is an information source,
and the consumer is a destination. Feedback is
transmitted, received, and potentially disruptable
via noise sources.
2.5 Derivative Models of the
Communication Process
However, the interactive model does have some
usefulness. People adapt their messages based
on the feedback they receive. Look at this model…
2.5 Derivative Models of the
Communication Process
But where Shannon’s interactive model shows
feedback from one source, the trans-active model
allows for feedback from both communicators.
2.6 A New Model of the
Communication Process
Sometimes communication is
not always so clear.
Miscommunication still occurs
for many different reasons;
culture, language, personality,
etc.
Existing models do not represent this.
2.7 Systems of Communication
2.7 Systems of Communication
A system is a collection of
parts which are interconnect
-ed or related to one another,
and which relate to the environment
surrounding the system.
The idea of a system is like a
mobile, which is a device
that is constantly changing
and interacting with its
environment.
2.8 The Role of Communication
To understand communication, we must also
look at the relationships among the “things”
and at the environments in which the “things”
reside.
The two basic rules of the communication
process are…
1. Communication is a process that happens among
communicators, and acts to connect them across a space
and time.
2. Communication involves the creation, transmission, and
reception of messages.
Applications in Hospitality
EPOS
Electronic Point of Sale
Applications in Hospitality
EPOS
Electronic Point of Sale
Thinking systematically…………..
Guest
Information
Source
Order taker /
Waiter
Gatekeeper
Printer
EPOS
Transmitter
Chef
Channel /
Medium
Receiver
Destination
BREAK!
Now, take a 30-minute break and then
return to the class to work on your term
paper focus.
Enjoy!
Take a break!
Noise & Context
External, Internal and Semantic Noise
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=OIC2501
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8GhO1CzTOcM
The Context of a Communication
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=OIC2401
Case Study Review
Take 15-minutes to compare your case study
summaries with a partner and create a revised
idea to present.
Handout Review
You will now be given a handout with
comprehension questions.
Use the book and the notes you’ve taken to answer
the questions as best as possible.
You have 45-minutes to complete the handouts and
return them to the instructor at the end of class.
HOMEWORK!
Go to the copy shop next to the canteen and get a
copy of Unit 3: Perception and Self.
Read Unit 3 and complete sections 3.1 Key
Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Review: Case Study.