Transcript Noise in the Communication Process

For Excellence in Hospitality Education
Language Department, Office of General Education, Faculty of Hospitality Industry
Principles of Communication
Chapter 3: The Communication Process
Arj. Zeph Norrish
OBJECTIVES
Following Chapter 3, you will be able to:
• Identify key components in communication processes
• Describe common models for communication systems
• Relate common models to real communication systems
• Understand the impact of noise on communication
Chapter 3 Case Study
• Instructor Review
• Student Q&A
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 2
Definition
What is a signal?
A signal is a physical quantity that varies with
time, space or any other independent variable by
which information can be conveyed.
Examples
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 3
What is a signal?
Listen to
and
look at this signal…
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 4
What is a system?
Firstly, consider a process……
Definition
a series of actions or steps taken in
order to achieve a particular end.
Input
Output
Data
Information
...---...
“Help!”
000111000
MORSE CODE
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 5
ASCII – American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 _1 1 0 0 0 0 1_1 1 1 0 1 0 0
-
Cat
An Example
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1
ASCII - 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1
ASCII - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1
ASCII - 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
‘C’
‘a’
‘t’
Slide No. 6
What is a system?
Secondly, consider a system……
Definition
a set of connected things or parts forming a
complex whole, in particular.
Input
process
process
Output
process
An adaptive system
uses feedback to
‘monitor’ and ‘control’
the output.
closed-loop
A system can comprise of one or many processes.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 7
Communication Systems
Simplex
A signal can only be sent (one way communication)
e.g., a PA system, a megaphone, keyboard, mouse, etc.
Half Duplex
Signals can be sent and received
BUT NOT at the same time
e.g., a walkie-talkie, an intercom, telegraph, fax, etc.
Full Duplex
Signals can be sent and received
AT the same time
e.g., telephone, video-conference, etc.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 8
“Mr. Watson. Come Here. I need you.”
Bell's drawing of the workings of a telephone, from his original sketches (source: Bell
Family Papers; Library of Congress; http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mcc/004/0001.jpg)
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 9
History of Communications Systems
The Digital Age
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 10
3.3 Models of the Communication Process
Models of communication are used to represent concepts
involved in the communication process.
This chapter presents the classic communication models…
• Shannon's model (the active model)
• A cybernetic model (the interactive model)
• An intermediary model (the gatekeeper model)
• The trans-active model (modern communications)
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 11
3.4 Shannon’s Model of the Communication Process
Channel
Information
Source
Transmitter
TX
MESSAGE
Receiver
RX
SIGNAL
RECEIVED
SIGNAL
Information
Destination
MESSAGE
NOISE
Shannon's (1948) model of the communication process is,
in important ways, the beginning of the modern field.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 12
3.4 Shannon’s Model of the Communication Process
Shannon's model breaks down into eight components:
1. Source: An information source... the person sending the
information.
2. Message: The message… the information being sent.
3. Transmitter: A transmitter… the tools used to send the
information such as the mouth (sound) and body (gesture)
create and change a message, and air (sound) and light
(gesture) enable the transmission of the message.
4. Signal: The signal… additional meaning associated with the
message such as the language of words being used, or cultural
importance of specific gestures and body language.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 13
3.4 Shannon’s Model of the Communication Process
5. Channel: A carrier or channel… the method for delivering the
information such as words, letters, emails, radio waves, etc.
6. Noise: Noise… secondary signals that obscure or confuse the
information. Noise can be one person’s words, or even another
person’s own thoughts.
7. Receiver: A receiver… the tools used for receiving the
information. In face to face communication a set of ears (sound)
and eyes (gesture).
8. Destination: A destination… a person who receives the
message.
and
understands
it?
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 14
Exercise – Components in the Shannon Model
Speaker’s
Mouth
Information
Source
Paper Cup
String
Converts/Encodes
sound to physical
vibration
Channel
Transmitter
TX
Paper Cup
Converts/Encodes
physical vibration
to sound
Receiver
RX
Listener’s
Ear
Information
Destination
Using the sheets provided, identify the communication system and name the components
of the system described.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 15
3.5 The Interactive Model of the Communication Process
Channel
Information
Source
Transmitter
TX
MESSAGE
Receiver
RX
SIGNAL
RECEIVED
SIGNAL
Information
Destination
MESSAGE
NOISE
Return Channel (Closed Loop)
People adapt their messages based on the feedback they
receive, including a ‘closed loop’ provides feedback.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 16
3.5 Derivative Models of the Communication Process
A gatekeeper is an intermediary with the ability to decide
what messages others see, the context in which they are
seen, and when they see them.
Sometimes the gatekeeper prevents the message
from reaching an audience (destination).
In extreme variations we refer
to such gatekeepers as censors.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 17
3.5 The Gatekeeper Model of the Communication Process
Channel
Information
Source
Transmitter
TX
Gatekeeper /
Intermediary
MESSAGE
SIGNAL
This type of control is common in the mass media such
as news reporting where ‘editors’ ‘shape’ the information
to meet the perceived needs of the ‘consumers’.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 18
3.5 Derivative Models of the Communication Process
But where Shannon’s interactive model shows feedback
from one source, the trans-active model allows for
feedback from both communicators.
Encode
with
language
Signal in
Channel
Communicator
A
Receive
&
Interpret
Principles of Communication
Receive
&
Interpret
Communicator
B
Signal in
Channel
Second Semester 2013
Encode
with
language
Slide No. 19
Noise in the Communication Process
Noise can be considered as anything which reduces the
quality of the signal received, which may lead to misunderstanding of the original intended meaning.
Noise is often considered as sound energy, but can also
originate from other physical sources.
Electrical /
Magnetic Noise
Light Noise
(refraction/reflection)
Radio Noise
(including solar)
Thermal Noise
White Noise
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 20
Noise in the Communication Process
Noise can also be considered to include anything which
may distort our interpretation/understanding of a
message.
External Noise
Sights
Sounds
Smells
Environment
Principles of Communication
Internal Noise
Semantic Noise
Thoughts / Feelings
Tiredness
Daydream
Illness
Keywords (Red Flags)
Discriminatory remarks
Controversial Symbols
(provoke feelings)
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 21
Noise in the Communication Process
Attempt to identify the noise types for the following
situations……….
External Noise
Internal Noise
Semantic Noise
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 22
3.8 The Role of Communication
The two basic rules of the communication process are…
1. Communication is a process that happens among
communicators, and acts to connect them across a
space and time.
2. Communication involves the creation, transmission,
and reception of messages.
!
Noise can affect the effectiveness of
every communication.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 23
Summary
Today you have learned how to:
• Identify key components in communication processes
• Describe common models for communication systems
• Relate common models to real communication systems
• Understand the impact of noise on communication
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 24
HOMEWORK!
Go to the copy shop next to the canteen and get a copy of
Unit 4: Perception and Self.
Read Unit 4 and complete sections 4.1 Key Vocabulary and
Chapter 4 Review: Case Study.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 25
Case Study Review
Take 15-minutes to compare your case study summaries with a
partner and create a revised idea to present.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 26
BREAK!
Now, take a 30-minute break and then return to the class to
work on your term paper focus.
Enjoy!
Take a break!
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 27
Handout Review
You will now be given a handout with comprehension
questions.
Use the book and the notes you’ve taken to answer the
questions as best as possible.
You have 45-minutes to complete the handouts and return
them to the instructor at the end of class.
Principles of Communication
Second Semester 2013
Slide No. 28