Transcript Education in China

Part IV
Education in China
No proper education,
human nature will deteriorate.
苟不教，性乃迁
The Three-Character Scripture
Which aspects should be the
focuses of education?
 I cannot teach anybody anything, but I can
only make them think.
Socrates ['sɔkrəti:z]
 The function of education is to teach one to
think intensively and to think critically...
Intelligence plus character - that is
the goal of true education.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Contents
• Education in Ancient China
 Educational Institutions
 Examination System
• Education in Modern China
• Time: Shang Dynasty
• Educational institutions:
• Xiang, Xu, Xue and Xiao
(庠 序 学 校）
• Xiang: how to raise children
• Xu: archery, military training
• Xue: moral education
• Xiao: horse taming & horse riding
Education in Western Zhou Dynasty
• According to written records, schools were
established for the sons of the nobility in
the capital city of Zhou.
• Schools for the common people were
provided in villages and hamlets and were
attended by men and women after their
work in the fields.
Contention of a Hundred
Schools of Thought
Time: The Eastern Zhou Dynasty
(The Spring and Autumn& the Warring States)
An era of cultural prosperity
Confucian school: benevolence/humanity
Taoist school：to govern by doing nothing that goes
against nature
Legalist school: To rule the country in accordance with law
Mohist school: universal love and no war
Yin-Yang school: the unity of man &nature
The six classical
arts:
rites, music,
archery, riding,
writing &
arithmetic
Confucius
• The first teacher of private schools
• The Foremost Teacher of China
Teaching doctrines:
By nature all men are pretty much alike,
It is by custom and habit that they are set apart.
(The importance of education)
Great pleasure is derived from learning
and constantly reviewing what has
been learned
(review & diligence)
• In education there is no class distinction.
(to treat students equally)
• Learning without thought is labor lost;
thought without learning is perilous.
(To inspire thinking independently)
• If three men are walking together, there
is one who can be my teacher.
(the modest learning attitude)
The Five Classics
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The Classic of Poetry 《诗经》
The Classic of History 《尚书》
The Classic of Rites 《礼记》
The Classic of Changes 《易经》
The Classic of Music 《乐经》
The Spring and Autumn Annals 《春秋》
• Burning books and burying
scholars alive
• Small Seal Script
The Imperial
College
Confucianism
the orthodoxy
Confucian classics
Recommendation through Observation
察举制
intelligent ones were
recommended through
observation
parentage & social
status
nepotism and corruption
The Nine-Rank System
• The Jin,
Northern & Southern
Dynasties
• To select talented
candidates and categorize
them nine grades in local
districts.
• ability, noble birth,
parentage
The Imperial Examination System
• The Sui Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty
Three levels
The provincial exam
The metropolitan exam
The palace exam
“eight-part essays or
eight-legged essays”
The palace exam
The national / metropolitan
exam
The provincial exam
Zhu XI (Southern Song)
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The Four Books
The Great Learning
The Doctrine of the Mean
The Analects
The Mencius
The Confucianism became the mainstream
thought of Song, Yuan, Ming dynasties
Names of Ancient Schools
private school /Sishu
Academy / Shuyuan
(academy of classical learning)
The Imperial Academy (guozijian)
(Ming & Qing Dynasties)
• It was formally set up in the
Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi
Northern Song Dynasty (976A.D.)
Wei Yuan
• A school of traditional
Zeng Guofan
Confucian learning
Zuo Zongtang
In 1903 a higher learning Mao Zedong
institution
In 1926 Hunan University
“The one-thousand-year-old Academy”
Age
Education
3-5
Pre-school education
6-11
primary school
12-14
Junior middle school/ Junior
Vocational
secondary school
Education
Senior middle/secondary school
high school/vocational school
college/ university
15-17
18-22
23-25
The graduate school
Higher
Education
The Vocational Education
• vocational schools & vocational training
• Junior secondary: junior vocational schools
（初级职业中学 ）
• Senior secondary:
specialized secondary schools (中等专业学校 )
skilled workers schools （技工学校 ）
vocational high schools（职业高中）
• Tertiary: higher vocational technology colleges
Higher Education
Project 211
– Time: Launched in 1993;
– Goal: to set up 100 top level HEIs
for the 21 century;
Project 985
Time: Launched in May 1998;
Goal: to develop a number of
world-class prestigious
universities
The Administration of Higher Education
directly controlled by the Ministry of Education
controlled by provincial governments
non-government-run university and college (1000)
西安交通大学
西北农林科技大学
陕西师范大学
西安电子科技大学
长安大学
Three-tiered degree system
Bachelor ’s degree
Master’s degree
Doctor’s degree
A great fighter against
pseudoscience and
academic fraud
Conclusion
• Competence rather than diploma/degree;
• To reform the University Entrance Exam;
• Develop an independent, critical and
creative thinking;
• Motivate the kids’ interests and guide them
to study;
• To promote moral standard