Transcript chapter25 ppt

25
In the Grip of the Cold War:
The Breakdown of the Yalta
System
Collapse of the Grand Alliance
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Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe and much of
the Balkans (communists)
United States and other Allied forces occupied the western
part (capitalists)
Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were
entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland,
and Hungary
Czechoslovakia came under Communist control in 1948
Yugoslavia became an independent communist state
Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
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The Descent of the Iron Curtain- Winston Churchill’s “iron curtain”
speech in Fulton, Missouri (said world was divided into 2 hostile
camps)
Truman Doctrine, 1947
 Civil war in Greece and Turkey
 Money to countries threatened by communist expansion
Marshall Plan, June 1947 or the European Recovery Program
 $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe
 Soviet view, “capitalist imperialism”- Soviets and Eastern
European satellites refused to participate
Europe Divided
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George F. Kennan, wrote Foreign Affairs, July 1947- advocated policy of
containment
Fate of Germany (four zones of occupation)
 Each power proceeded differently
 Soviet Union took reparations in the form of booty
Merging of the British, French, and American zones
 Blockade of Berlin, 1948-1949- Soviets prevented all traffic from entering
Berlin’s western zones
 Berlin Airlift was western response-13,000 tons of supplies flown daily into
Berlin
 German Federal Republic (West Germany) created, September 1949
 German Democratic Republic created (GDR, East Germany) October 1949
Europe Divided cont’d
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Military Alliances
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), April 1949 (U.S.
Britain, France, Canada, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland)
 In the East, Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(COMECON), 1949 formed for economic cooperation
 Warsaw Pact, 1955- military alliance to counter NATO (Soviet
Union, East Germany, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Poland, Romania)
Responsibility for the Cold War (historical debate)
 Blame on Stalin – impose Soviet rule on Eastern Europe
 Blame on the U.S. – policy of encircling the Soviet Union with
client states
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The New European Alliance
Systems in the 1950s and 1960s
The Chinese Civil War
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Relations between the United States and Chiang Kai-shek frayed
Communists occupied rural area in Manchuria
 Reforms by the communists – reduced land rents, and confiscated
the lands of wealthy landlords
 Peasants attracted by promises of land and social justice
United States tries to find peaceful solution- tried to support Chiang
and mediate between Mao and Chiang, but failed
Civil War broke out and Beijing was encircled by PLA (People’s
Liberation Army) in 1948
 Chiang and 2 million Nationalist followers flee to Taiwan
President Truman gives limited military support to Chiang Kai-shek
 Sends George Marshall to bring a peaceful settlement
 Charges of “soft on communism” at home- Congress blamed
White House for failure in China
The New China
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for peace- Communists hoped to restore territorial
integrity and erase century of humiliation
 Territorial expansion- wanted to recover territories such as
Manchuria, Taiwan, and to continue its influence on Korea
and Vietnam
 Chinese-Soviet relations- Soviet recognized Manchuria,
and Xinjiang (lands north of Tibet) as Chinese sovereignty
 Chinese troops occupied Tibet in 1950 and brought it under
Chinese administration
 The problem of Taiwan- U.S. saw Taiwan as crucial to
defense strategy
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Korean War
American troops advancing in the
Korean War
The Korean War
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China wanted to recover what had been part of the Manchu Empire
China want to restore influence over Korea and Vietnam
After the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek’s Republic of China and flight to
Taiwan, the island became part of U.S. defense strategy in the Pacific
U.S. and Soviet Union divide Korea at the 38th parallel, August
1945, after WWII
North Koreans (Communist) invaded the south (anti-Communist),
June 25, 1950, with approval of Stalin
Chinese “volunteers” intervene when UN troops under the leadership
of General MacArthur approach the Yalu River
Cease-fire, July, 1953
Conflict in Indochina
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Vietnam had been occupied by Japan during WWII
In 1946, a civil war broke out in Vietnam between returning France,
the colonial power, and Ho Chi Minh, a Communist, and his
nationalist alliance, the Vietminh Front
Vietminh Front led by Ho Chi Minh seize northern and central
Vietnam
War breaks out in December, 1946
By early 1950s, the Civil War became part of Cold War
 China supported Ho Chi Minh and the U.S. aided France
Geneva Conference temporarily divided Vietnam, 1954
 Northern Democratic Republic (Communist); Republic of
Vietnam (non-Communist south)
 Elections to be held in two years
 Laos and Cambodia declared independent from France
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Global Cold War in the
1950s and 1960s
Ferment in Eastern Europe
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After the death of Stalin in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)
sought “peaceful coexistence”
 Ended occupation of Austria, 1955
 Poland remained in Warsaw Pact, but was able to make some
changes (ended restrictions on religious practices and ended
policy of forced collectivization in rural area).
 Hungary, 1956- students led riots against government, Rakosi
forced to resign-replaced by Nagy who promised changes
• Soviet troops removed Nagy and installed new government under Kadar
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Soviet Union launches ICBM, (Intercontinental ballistic missile)
(ICMB) August, 1957- U.S. fears a missile gap between Soviet
Union and them
Confrontation over access to Berlin, November, 1958
Cultural exchanges (West Side Story played in Moscow,
Leningrad Ballet played in theatres in U.S.)
Relations with Third World nations- both tried to influence
Cuban Missile Crisis
 Fidel
Castro takes control of Cuba, 1959- established a
totalitarian regime
 Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 (Kennedy administration
attempted to overthrow Castro, but failed)
 Discovery by U.S. of missile bases being built, 1962 (in
Turkey, within striking distance of Soviet Union)
 Soviet Union decided to place missiles in Cuba
 President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba so the
missiles doesn’t reach Cuba
 Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in
return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba
 A “hotline” was installed between Moscow and Washington
for faster communication
The Sino-Soviet Dispute
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Khrushchev’s “peaceful coexistence” with the west weakened SovietChina relations
Mao asserts with the death of Stalin, he should be the most
authoritative voice in the socialist community
Khrushchev rejected Chinese demands to help regain Taiwan
China portrays itself as the leader of the “rural underdeveloped
countries”
Second Indochina War
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United States opposed the division of Vietnam in the settlement of
Geneva in 1954
Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam refuses to hold elections
Ho Chi Minh returns to a policy of war in the south, 1959- uses Viet
Cong (Vietnamese Communists)
Diem regime overthrown with the approval of the Kennedy
administration, 1963
President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam,
1965
China concerned about the war; does not get directly involved
President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1969 vows to bring
an honorable end and begins withdrawing troops
1973 peace treaty was signed, all parties agreed on cease-fire
Communists resume the offensive in 1975 and unified Vietnam in
1976
An Era of Equivalence
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October 1964 Khrushchev was replaced by party chief Leonid Brezhnev (19061982) and Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin (1904-1980)
Soviet relations with China and Vietnam (wanted to support North Vietnam to
deflect Chinese charges that the Soviet Union had betrayed interests of oppressed
people)
The Brezhnev Doctrine
 Prague Spring, 1968- Czechoslovakia, a reformer Alexander Dubcek new leader
wanted to create “socialism with a human face”, allowed more freedoms
 People wanted more reform-Warsaw Pact states crushed the movement and
replaced Dubcek
 In Germany- East Germany led by Walter Ulbricht became a faithful Soviet
satellite, many fled to West Germany (the Berlin Wall was built in 1961)
An Era of Equivalence cont’d
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An Era of Détente
 Détente, reduction in tensions between U.S. and U.S.S.R.
 Antiballistic Missile Treaty often called SALT I (Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks) that limited antiballistic missile systems, 1972
Both sides recognized that “equivalence” (balance of power) existed between
them
President Nixon pursues a policy of “linkages” through trade and cultural
contacts
Helsinki Agreement, 1975 (signed by U.S., Canada, and both sides of Iron
Curtain)
 Acknowledged the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
 Recognize and protect human rights of signatories’ citizens
Renewed Tensions in the Third World
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U.S. concerned about Soviet involvement in Third World
 Influence in Somalia and Ethiopia
Soviet troops to Afghanistan, 1979
 US concerns over oil lead to the Carter Doctrine- United States
would use military force to safeguard access oil reserves in
Middle East
 Soviet fears of spread of Islamic activism to its Muslim
population in Central Asia
U.S. fear that the U.S.S.R. was seeking strategic nuclear superiority
 Failure of U.S. congress to approve SALT II- new arms limitation
Countering the Evil Empire
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President Ronald Reagan labeled the Soviet Union as an “Evil Empire”
White House began a military buildup that stimulated a renewed arms
race
Introduced nuclear-tipped cruise missile, whose ability to fly at low
altitudes made it a difficult to detect by enemy radar and advocated
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), nicknamed “Star Wars”-purpose
was to create a space shield that could destroy incoming missiles and
to force Moscow into an arms race that it could not hope to win
U.S. activities in Nicaragua
 Sandinistas- a new regime in Nicaragua, was supporting guerrilla
insurgency movement in El Salvador, U.S. provided material aid to
Contras- anticommunist guerilla movement in Nicaragua
U.S. military aid to insurgents in Afghanistan
Discussion Questions
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What were the provisions of the Truman Doctrine? How
was it implemented?
What were the provisions of the Marshall Plan? How was
it seen by the Soviets?
Describe the changing relationship between China and the
Soviet Union during the Cold War.
What were the Cold War “hot spots” and why do you think
the superpowers used them for their confrontations?
Why did détente give way to renewed conflict between the
superpowers in the 1980s?