Transcript Cold War PPT

Part I:
“Reconstruction
& Confrontation”
The Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL  spread worldwide Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL  “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
[George Kennan]
 Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
 Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
 Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy]  “proxy wars”
 Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the
Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Truman Doctrine [1947]
1. Civil War in Greece.
2. Turkey under pressure from the
USSR for concessions in the
Dardanelles.
3. The U. S. should support free
peoples throughout the world who
were resisting takeovers by armed
minorities or outside pressures…We
must assist free peoples to work out
their own destinies in their own way.
4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey
$400 million in aid.
Marshall Plan [1948]
1. “European Recovery
Program.”
2. Secretary of State,
George Marshall
3. The U. S. should provide
aid to all European nations
that need it. This move
is not against any country or doctrine,
but against hunger, poverty, desperation,
and chaos.
4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western
Europe extended to Eastern Europe &
USSR, [but this was rejected].
Post-War Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift
(1948-49)
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
} The Soviet Union
exploded its first
A-bomb in 1949.
} Now there were
two nuclear
superpowers!
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (1949)
 United States
 Luxemburg
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Britain
 Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 Italy
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.
} East Germany
} Albania
} Hungary
} Bulgaria
} Poland
} Czechoslovakia
} Rumania
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist
states, it doesn't
depend on you
whether we
(Soviet Union) exist.
If you don't like us,
don't accept our
invitations, and don't
De-Stalinization
invite us to come
Program
to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our
side. We will bury you. -- 1956
An Historic Irony: Sergei
Khrushchev, American Citizen
Who buried who?
Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2nd } Power!
The Korean War: A “Police
Action” (1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957
Radio Free Europe/Radio
Liberty
The Hungarian Uprising: 1956
Imre Nagy, Hungarian
Prime Minister
} Promised free
elections.
} This could lead to the
end of communist rule
in Hungary.
Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in
space—they have the technological edge!
Nixon-Khrushchev
“Kitchen Debate”
(1959)
Cold War --->
Tensions
<--- Technology
& Affluence
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary
Powers’ plane was
shot down over Soviet
airspace.
Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint
Charlie
Ich bin ein Berliner!
(1963)
President Kennedy
tells Berliners
that the West is
with them!
Khruschev Embraces Castro,
1961
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the
Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis
• After Bay of Pigs invasion,
the Soviet Union installed
nuclear missiles in Cuba.
• After U-2 flights Kennedy
ordered a naval blockade of
Cuba on October 22 until the
Soviet Union removed its
missiles.
• On October 28, the Soviets
agreed to remove the
missiles, defusing one of the
most dangerous
confrontations of the Cold
War.
Vietnam War: 1965-1973
“Prague Spring” (1968)
Former Czech President,
Alexander Dubček
Communism with a human face!
“Prague Spring” Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like
Vaclav Havel—future president of a free
Czech Republic].
1969 -- SALT
• On November 17, the
1st phase of Strategic
Arms Limitation Talks
began in Helsinki,
Finland.
• The finished
agreement, signed in
Moscow on May 26,
1972, placed limits on
both submarinelaunched and
intercontinental
nuclear missiles.
1972 –
Nixon visits China
• Nixon becomes the first U.S. president to
visit China, meeting with Mao Tse-tung on
February 21.
• The two countries issue a communique
recognizing their "essential differences"
while making it clear that "normalization
of relations" was in all nations' best
interests.
• The rapprochement changes the balance
of power with the Soviets.
1973 - Vietnam War
agreement (Paris Accords)
• January 27, 1973, the United States, South
Vietnam, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong
sign the Paris Peace Treaty, establishing a
cease-fire.
• The United States is allowed to continue
providing aid to South Vietnam.
• Saigon falls in April 1975.
1979 - Afghanistan
• December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invaded
Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal
seized control of the government.
• U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters waged a
costly war against the Soviets for nearly a
decade before Soviet troops withdraw in
1988.
• Afghanistan—the Soviet “Vietnam”
1980 - Solidarity
• On August 14, Lech Walesa led massive
strikes at the Lenin shipyards in Gdansk,
Poland.
• The strikes soon spread to other cities and
formed the nucleus of the Solidarity
movement.
• The communist government conceded to
worker demands on August 31, and recognized
their right to form unions and strike.
1985 - Gorbachev
comes to power
• On March 11, Mikhail Gorbachev came to
power in the Soviet Union.
• Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform.
– perestroika
• Economic reform- restructuring
– glasnost
– means openness, allowed greater free expression
and criticism of Soviet policies
1989 - Berlin Wall falls
• Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine,
which pledged to use Soviet force to protect
its interests in Eastern Europe.
• On September 10, Hungary opened its border
with Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to
the West.
• After massive public demonstrations in East
Germany and Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall
fell on November 9.