Transcript The War of 1812 - weknowourhistory

Major Themes We Will Examine
The Market Revolution
Jeffersonian America
The War of 1812
The Age of Jackson
The Market Revolution
TTYN:
Read the following statement and describe what it means
“The Market revolution was national in scope, but had significant regional variations”
What Was the Market Revolution?
 The emergence and growth of manufacturing and industrial revolution in New
England and Northeast cities
 The Emergence of commercialization of farming driven by transportation revolution
in Northwest
 The continued growth of the cotton industry in the South
The Market Revolution
Implications of the Market Revolution?
 Result: regional and specific economies emerged
 Provided the framework for political, social, and economic sectionalism
 From local to all over the world
 A different society was developing
 Transportation Revolution
 Steamboats (1817 20 boats to 775 in 1855)
 Railroads (1830 13 miles to 31,000 in 1860)
 Canals
 Roads (began to develop in the 1800’s (turnpikes = toll roads)
The Market Revolution
Why the Erie Canal?
 Surge in western population
 Limited access to eastern markets
 Canal boom: the Erie Canal, 1825
 364 miles long, 40 ft wide, 4 ft deep; Linked Great Lakes to Albany and
NYC; Transformed the northern economy
The Market Revolution
The Erie Canal Song
Low bridge ev'-ry bod-y down,
Low bridge for we're com-in to a town,
And you al-ways know your neighbor,
You'll always know your pal,
If you've ev-er navigated on the Er-ie
can-al
I've got a mule, and her name is Sal,
Fif-teen miles on the Er-ie canal,
She's a good ol' worker and a good ol' pal,
Fifteen miles on the Er-ie can-al,
We've hauled some barges in our day,
We'd better look round for a job old gal,
Filled with lum-ber coal and hay,
Fif-teen miles - on the Er-ie can-al,
And ev'ry inch of the way we know
You bet your life I wouldn't part with Sal,
From Al-ba-ny to Buff-a-lo OH
Fif-teen miles on the Er-ie can-al,
Giddap 'there gal we've passed that lock,
We'll make Rome fore six o'clock,
So, it's one more trip and then we'll go,
Right back home to Buff-a-lo OH…….
The Market Revolution
 Erie Canal reduces transportation costs by 90-95%
 Prices of Consumer goods go down
 Price of farm product stabilize and remain stable
 Exciting and very opportunistic time
 Produces a consumer society
 Communication revolution
The Market Revolution
 Transportation of newspaper
 Invention of the steam press
 Cheap books
 Cheap newspaper – now the whole country can remain informed,
which makes for a better citizen, more informed citizen
 Telegraph
 Annihilation of time and space
The Market Revolution
Economies and Regions Specialize
 Individual and Regional
 Individual
 Farmer develops a cash crop, has a surplus
 NY State specifically = dairy farmers (concentrates on one
product/crop)
The Market Revolution
 The Market Revolution – The “brainchild “ of Alexander Hamilton
 Workers become de-skilled (artisans); become specialist at one
specific skill
 Ultimately it lowers wages; lower wages, but they are employed
TTYN: Who benefits from this specialization?
 Consumers benefits due to the lower costs for production (mass
consumption vs. mass distribution)
The Market Revolution
Regional Implications
Southern States
 Agricultural, cotton
 “The” Invention that changed everything – The Cotton Gin 1793
 What happens to the South
 A society that is totally devoted to cotton
TTYN:
What segment(s) of society will be affected by this change?
Plantation Owners and Slaves
 Greater need for slavery (slavery grows)
 Cotton becomes extremely profitable
The Market Revolution
Northeast
Prior to the Market Revolution
 Pre-industrial manufacturing
 The workshop system
 The putting-out system
Impact of the Revolution
 Industry (factories)
 Need for people and more people
 Need capital
 Power source (rivers)
 Rivers with falls; i.e. Merrimack River in Mass.
The Market Revolution
Northwest ( the Midwest)
 Agricultural - wheat, corn and soybeans
 Moving, moving, moving
 Acquire the land (there is a lot of it)
The Market Revolution
Early Inventions during the late 18th and early 19th centuries
 The Cotton Gin
 The Textile Mill
 The Spinning Wheel
 Bleaching: The Progress of cotton
 The Steam Engine
 The Erie Canal
TTYN: What was the impact of each?
 How did the economies of the North and South change?
 What were the results of these changes?
The Market Revolution
Small Group Activity
 The Lowell Mill Girls Reading
The Market Revolution
The Henry Clay
Topics We Will Examine
 Jeffersonian Democracy
 Limited Central Government and Pro States Rights
 Judicial powers strengthen
 Territorial expansion
 The Demise of the Federalist Party
 Revival of the Two-Party System
1801-1809
Jeffersonian Democracy
Abandoned Aristocratic Democracy
TTYN:
What is an Aristocrat?
Jefferson: The Founder of American Democracy?
 Wrote the Declaration of Independence
 Led and largely created the Republican Party, by which the Federalists, who
were anti-democratic, were unseated
 First President who believed in democracy and sought to establish it
Jefferson – A democrat for the people, not of the people!
Jeffersonian Democracy
Thomas Jefferson biographer once wrote that “there were probably
twice of thrice many four-horse carriages in Virginia before the
revolution as there are at present time; but the number of two-horse
carriages may be ten, or even twenty times as great as at the former
period.”
The Progress of Democracy
TTYN: What does this statement illustrate?
Jeffersonian Democracy
TTYN: Read the passage below. What is Jefferson telling the reader?
The ‘real’ meaning.
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. —
That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men,
deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That
whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends,
it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it.”
Jeffersonian Democracy
Clash With Hamilton
 Hoped plutocracy would evolve into aristocracy
 Corruption as the best method for causing plutocracy to prevail over
democracy
 Argued that the President and Senators should be chosen for life.
 leader of the Federalists
 Hamilton advocated the growth of manufactures
 Child Labor was good
 Dislike democracy
 Admired England and aimed at making America resemble
 Jefferson stood for democracy and agriculture, Hamilton for aristocracy and
urban wealth
Jeffersonian Democracy
 Jefferson’s goal as president:
 Restore the principles of the American Revolution
 Why?
 Federalists levied oppressive taxes
 Stretched the provisions of the Constitution
 Established a national bank, which created bastion of wealth and special
privileges for a few
 Federalist also had subverted civil liberties and expanded the powers of the
central government at the expense of the states.
 Jefferson wanted a return to basic republican principles.
Jeffersonian Democracy
The Meaning of Jefferson’s Democracy
 When he says “self-evident,” he means it.
 The essence of virtue is in doing good to others
 Believed in the innate goodness of man that gives the basis for his liberalism
 Believed that most men, on the whole, will follow their consciences.
 For a few exceptions, laws may be necessary; but in the main, liberty is all
that is needful for the promotion of human happiness.
 Favored democracy by the masses
 Faith in the common man
 Strict interpretation of the constitution
 Favored a nation of farmers
Limited Central Government and Pro State Rights
Repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts
TTYN:
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?
The Alien and Sedition Acts
 1798 the United States was at the brink of war with France (XYZ Affair)
 Federalists believed that Democratic-Republican criticism of Federalist policies
was disloyal and feared that aliens living in the United States would sympathize with
the French during a war.
 Federalist-controlled Congress passed four laws, known as the Alien and Sedition
Acts.
 Raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years
 Authorized the President to deport aliens
 Permitted the arrest, imprisonment, and deportation of aliens during wartime.
 The Sedition Act made it a crime for American citizens to "print, utter, or publish .
.any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the Government.
 The laws were directed against Democratic-Republicans, the party typically
favored by new citizens
Limited Central Government and Pro State Rights
Whiskey Rebellion
 Excise tax imposed on whiskey in 1791 by the federal government, farmers in the
western counties of Pennsylvania engaged in a series of attacks on excise agents.
 Jefferson believed that the purpose of government is to protect the “unalienable
rights” of its citizens, and that these rights include “life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness.”
 People have the right to rebel
 Believed a little rebellion now and then was a good thing
“…a medicine necessary for “the sound health of government.”
“the first error was to pass it (the whiskey tax); the second was to enforce it; and the
third, to make it the means of splitting this Union.”
Limited Central Government and Pro State Rights
 Jefferson believed that local government was most important
 Believed that the emphasis for government should concentrate within the county
and state
 While President, Jefferson slashed government expenditures
“I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive.”
“Most bad government has grown out of too much government”
 Reduced the national debt
 Convinced Congress to cut the price of public lands and to extend credit to
purchasers in order to encourage land ownership and rapid western settlement
 Reduced the size of the military
 Although Jefferson condemned Hamilton’s Financial Plan, he did authorize to
incorporate the United State Bank
Jefferson’s War against the Judiciary
 Jefferson took office, not a single Republican served as a federal judge.
 Jefferson feared that the Federalists intended to use the courts to frustrate Republican
plans.
 Jefferson’s Goal - weaken Federalist control of the federal judiciary.
 The Judiciary Act of 1801, which was passed by the lame-duck Federalist-dominated
Congress five days before Adams's term expired.
 The law created 16 new federal judgeships, positions which President Adams
promptly filled with Federalists.
 The act reduced the number of Supreme Court justices effective with the next
vacancy, delaying Jefferson's opportunity to name a new Supreme Court justice.
 Jefferson's supporters in Congress repealed the Judiciary Act.
Jefferson’s War against the Judiciary
 Judiciary act of 1801 (Jefferson repealed)
 Compelled court to deliver commissions
 Marbury v. Madison
 Congress had no constitutional right to give federal courts the powers of Jud. Act
 Supreme Court Chief John Marshall
Small Group Activity
 The Marshall Court
Territorial Expansion
 France forced Spain to relinquish claims to North America interior
 Louisiana Purchase 1803; cost 15M
 France sold to help fund Napoleons war
 Mississippi to the Rockies
 13 states will result
 Lewis and Clark 1803-1806
 Missouri to Columbia
TTYN:
Does the Louisiana Purchase depict Jefferson as an hypocrite? In other
words, isn’t this “huge” purchase a symbol of ‘big’ government?
The Embargo Act
 Jefferson’s desperate attempt to avert war with Britain
 Jefferson and United States imposed an embargo on foreign trade.
 Jefferson believed the embargo as an idealistic experiment--a moral alternative to
war.
 Believed that economic coercion would convince Britain and France to respect
America’s neutral rights.
 The embargo was an unpopular and costly failure.
 Hurt the American economy far more than the British or French, and resulted in
widespread smuggling.
 Farm prices fell sharply. Shippers suffered, Harbors filled with idle ships and nearly
30,000 sailors found themselves jobless.
 Jefferson believed that Americans would cooperate with the embargo out of a sense
of patriotism.
The Embargo Act
 Instead, smuggling flourished, particularly through Canada.
 To enforce the embargo, Jefferson took steps that infringed on his most cherished
principles: individual liberties and opposition to a strong central government.
 He mobilized the army and navy to enforce the blockade, and declared the Lake
Champlain region of New York, along the Canadian border, in a state of insurrection.
TTYN:
How does this contradict with Jefferson’s doctrine regarding a limited
Gov’t?
 Pressure to abandon the embargo mounted, and early in 1809, just 3 days before
Jefferson left office, Congress repealed the embargo.
The War of 1812
Defending American Rights on the High Seas
Causes
 In 1809, Congress replaced the failed embargo with the Non-
Intercourse Act
 Non-Intercourse Act -- Reopened trade with all nations except Britain
and France.
 1810, Non-Intercourse Act with a new measure, Macon's Bill
 Reopened trade with France and Britain.
 Stipulation -- that if either Britain or France agreed to respect
America's neutral rights, the United States would immediately stop trade
with the other nation.
The War of 1812
Defending American Rights on the High Seas
Causes
 Britain --Seizure and forced sale of merchant ships and their cargoes for
allegedly violating the British blockade of Europe
 France -- declared a counterblockade of the British Isles and had seized
American ships
 England was the chief offender because its Navy had greater command of
the seas.
 Impressment -- capture of men from American vessels for forced service in
the Royal Navy; pretext for impressment was the search for deserters, who,
the British claimed, had taken employment on American vessels.
The War of 1812
The War of 1812
Why Go to War?
 War Hawks -- Southern congressmen favored war, even though it hurt the
east
 To allow reopening of trade
 National Pride
 To stop the impressment of sailors
 Oh CANADA!!!
The War of 1812
What were some drawbacks to going to war?
 Not everyone in the US wanted to go to war
 The U.S. military was small; Standing Army was small

Militia comprised most of our forces, and they did not like to fight outside
of their state borders

Navy was quite small only 22 ships
 Britain was still a great Superpower and easily defeat us
 We could lose territory that was gained in the Treaty of Paris or from the
Louisiana Purchase
The War of 1812
The War of 1812
 U.S. Burns York (now Toronto, CA)
 Why attack Canada?
 U.S. calculated that the Canadians would join the Americans help
defeat Britain …this did not happen
 Perry Defeated the British on Lake Erie
 Provided the U.S. control of Lake Erie
 Britain Blockades the Eastern Seaboard
 Remember – Britain Navy vs. U.S. Navy…no comparison
 British Blockade -- prevented shipping from leaving, and made the
war more unpopular in the Northeast…Industry!!!
The War of 1812

In August 1814, British Forces Sailed into Chesapeake Bay and
capture Washington D.C.

The British burn the White House and the Capitol

Madison and Congress barely escape
The War of 1812
The Battle of New Orleans
 Fought after the treaty was signed (but not ratified)
 Why was New Orleans important?
 Pirates and Frontiersman fought alongside US troops
 Made Andrew Jackson a National hero and household name
 Ensured treaty ratification
The War of 1812
The Battle of Fort McHenry
 Unlike D.C., Baltimore was Ready for the British
 The City militia inflicted heavy casualties on the British
 After bombarding Fort McHenry on September 13, 1814 The British
abandon the attack
 Francis Scott Key witnessed the bombardment and penned a poem
"Defense of Fort McHenry," which becomes the National Anthem.
The War of 1812
The War of 1812
The War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty was Negotiated in Europe and was signed on Dec. 24, 1814
ending the war of 1812
The War ended in a stalemate, where no party gained or lost any
territory.
The War of 1812
The Demise of the Federalist Party
 The Constitution was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787, those who favored
ratification called themselves "Federalists"
TTYN: Who wrote the Federalist Papers?
 Most of the leading men in the country, including Washington, Madison, Adams,
Hamilton and Jefferson, were united in support of the new government.
 Federalists controlled all branches of the US government for the first three
presidential administrations and the programs and ideas of Alexander Hamilton
 funding the debt, establishing a national bank, promoting commerce and
industry, avoiding premature war with England - prevailed.
The Demise of the Federalist Party
 Divisions began to appear in the early 1790's
Madison and Jefferson began to oppose the policies of Hamilton and Washington.
Opposition party founded - "Republican Party" (later the "Democratic-Republican
Party).
1801, the Republicans won the election and placed Jefferson in the White House.
Hamilton killed in 1804…the end is near!
The Demise of the Federalist Party
 The Hartford Convention of 1814 marks the end of the Federalist Party
 New England Federalists vented their anger over Jefferson's embargo
 The Federalist did not propose secession from the union, but did advance the idea
that the states could nullify "unconstitutional" acts of Congress
 After the Battle of New Orleans and the end of the War with England, these positions
were exceedingly unpopular.
 Inconsistent with the longstanding support of Federalists for a strong and
energetic national government.
 Federalists were disgraced which led the end of the party
The “Era of Good Feelings”
 The War of 1812 closed with the Federalist Party all but destroyed
 The 1816 presidential election was the last one when the Federalists' ran a candidate.
 The 1818 Congressional election brought another landslide victory for DemocraticRepublicans who controlled 85 percent of the seats in the U.S. Congress.
 James Monroe elected president (1817 to 1825)
 ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS - due to its one-party dominance
 On the horizon - Democratic-Republicans were deeply divided internally and a new
political system was about to be created from the old Republican-Federalist competition
that had been known as the FIRST PARTY SYSTEM
The “Era of Good Feelings”
 Democratic-Republicans incorporated major economic policies that had been
favored by Federalists since the time of Alexander Hamilton: build an American System
of national economic development.
 Three basic aspects:
 A national bank
 Protective tariffs to support American manufactures
 Federally-funded internal improvements.
The “Era of Good Feelings”
 The chartering of the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 indicates how much
of the old Federalist economic agenda the Democratic-Republicans now supported
TTYN: Recalling what we learned about Jeffersonian Democracy, what was
Jefferson’s feelings about the National Bank?
 Democratic-Republicans had come to a new understanding of the need for a strong
federal role in creating the basic infrastructure of the nation.
 The cooperation among national politicians that marked the one-party Era of Good
Feelings lasted less than a decade.
The Revival of the two-party system?
 Martin Van Buren played a key role in the
development of the Second Party System
 Embraced public opinion
TTYN: What does Van Buren mean with
the following quote?
"Those who have wrought great changes in
the world never succeeded by gaining over
chiefs; but always by exciting the multitude.”
Old Kinderhook
Rather than follow a model of elite political leadership like that of the
Founding Fathers, Van Buren saw "genius" in reaching out to the "multitude"
of the general public.
The Revival of the two-party system?
 Van Buren made careful use of newspapers to spread the word about
party positions and to ensure close discipline among party members.
 The growth of newspapers in the new nation was closely linked to the
rise of a competitive party system
 Newspapers existed as Propaganda vehicles for the political parties
that they supported.
 Newspapers were especially important to the new party system
because they spread information about the Party Platform, a carefully
crafted list of policy commitments that aimed to appeal to a broad public
 Orphaned
 General
 War Hero
 Hot-headed
 Little formal education
 Senator
 Governor
 Plantation Owner
 Slave Owner
The Rise of Mass Democracy
Election of 1824: The Corrupt Bargain
The Players Involved:
 John Quincy Adams-Massachusetts
 Henry Clay-Kentucky
 William Crawford-Georgia
 Andrew Jackson- Tennessee
“Corrupt Bargain” of 1824
 William Crawford out
 Clay hates Jackson
 Clay supports Adams
 House Elects Clay
 Adams appoints Clay as Sec. of State
Jacksonian Democracy
 Political Power shifts to the West
TTYN:
Think about the first six presidents – how does Andrew Jackson differ
from them in respect to democratic values? Hint! Think about our most recent
reading
 First six: all from the East, men of education, traditional culture, all might have
governed the country under an aristocratic constitution
 Jackson introduced Western ideals…ideals where slavery existed
 Credited with the introduction or intensification of the “Spoils System”**
 Destruction of the United States Bank
 His theory of government is a theory that what is required is not skill, but honesty,
and that honesty is proved by membership in the popular party.
The Math and the Breakdown of the Electoral College
 Jackson 43%
 Adams 30%
 No Majority
House of Rep
selects President
 Henry Clay holds
decisive vote
Votes for Adams
Game On!!
Overview of Adams Presidency
 Lacks popular support from voters
 Did not remove workers from the Govt. and
replace them with supporters
 Strong central Govt. view, people turning to
states rights
 Adams wants Govt. to Build roads and canals
 Supports a national University
 Indian rights-Cherokee
John Quincy Adams
The Jacksonian Era
How did the electorate expand to include the “common man” during the 19th
century? To what extent did Andrew Jackson represent the “common man?”
In what way(s) did the presidency of Jackson exacerbate tensions in American
politics? Be able to give specific examples.
How/why was the era following Jackson “disappointing?”
Payback: The Election of 1828
 No more Congressional caucuses
Conventions and the state legislatures select candidates
 John Quincy Adams was re-nominated by forces then calling themselves the
National Republicans
The Democratic Republican
(Democrats) call on Jackson
 The Election Mudslinging
and accusations
 Jackson Wins…and takes
office
The Eaton Affair and the Kitchen Cabinet
Social Scandal that turned political
John Eaton, Jackson’s Secretary of War, married Margaret “Peggy” Timberlake.
Washington socialites disapproved of Mrs. Eaton because of her upbringing and
rumors about her past.
 Other cabinet members’ wives refused to associate with Mrs. Eaton forcing
Jackson to defend the Eatons.
 Since John Eaton had defended Rachel Jackson 1828 campaign
 Would replace approx. 10% of gov’t employees
 Replaced with many corrupt and incompetent
 The Spoils System
The Eaton Affair and the Kitchen Cabinet
Jackson felt that he must demand that Mrs. Eaton be accepted into Washington’s
social circles.
 Several of Jackson’s cabinet members believed Jackson would serve only one term
and were positioning themselves to succeed him as President.
 The result was that those who socialized with the Eatons and proved their loyalty
to Jackson in other areas as well won his favor.
 However, to rid himself of the immediate controversy Jackson dismissed his entire
cabinet in 1831 except for the Postmaster General.
 In time, this controversy caused Jackson to turn to a group of unofficial advisors
that his opponents labeled his “Kitchen Cabinet” because of their “back door”
access to the President.
SPOILS SYSTEM
 Credited with the introduction or intensification of the “Spoils System”**
“To the victor go the spoils”--reward political supporters
 “Every man is as good as his neighbor-maybe better”
 “Throw out the old rascals and put in our rascals”
 Why bother having a bureaucratic office holding class—anyone can do the job.
TTYN: What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Spoils system?
 Not qualified
 New blood
 Workers are loyal
 People join and stick with party
 Criminals given jobs
 People can “buy” jobs
** George Washington invented the Spoils System; however, Jackson turned it into an art form.
Tariff of Abominations
TTYN: What is a tariff and what economical benefit might it offer? Conversely,
what economical detriment may be associated with a tariff?
Tariffs are designed to increased the cost of imported goods, and thus protect some
of the new industries of the North. What is missing? More importantly, what
does the South manufacture?
 1824 and 1828 Tariff
 Who benefits - “Yankee and middle states. Why? Wool and Textile Industries
 Old south-little manufacturing —no (why)
 South position - Yankee tariff—”discriminated”
TARIFF OF 1832: The Nullification Crisis
TTYN: Describe nullification
 Jackson must confront a threat to the Union.
 South Carolina, led by Jackson’s
former vice- president, John Calhoun, felt
the Tariff of 1832 unduly harmed their state
 The government levied tariffs to protect
northern manufacturers from foreign
competitors who offered cheaper goods.
TARIFF OF 1832: The Nullification Crisis
 Calhoun suggests that the states had the constitutional right to nullify (or
invalidate) any federal law and that states could secede from the Union.
 In late 1832, South Carolina nullified the Tariff of 1832 and threatened secession.
Jackson rejected these ideas and promised the use of force if South Carolina
disobeyed the law.
 After much brinksmanship, Congress passed a compromise tariff that placated
South Carolina and a bill that authorized the use of force against nullification.
 Jackson’s actions prevented disunion and set the precedents that Abraham Lincoln
would later use to oppose secession.
 Force Act, Congress approved a bill that authorized the use of military force
against any state that resisted the tariff acts.
Henry Clay
The Great Compromiser
Trail of Tears
 The Cherokee of Georgia assimilated
 Owned land, Became farmers with slaves
 Constitution based on the American
 Constitution
 Devised Cherokee alphabet
 Legal code
 Federal govt. recognizes the tribes
as separate nations
 Americans ignore treaties
Trail of Tears
 “Five Civilized Tribes-Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws,
 Cherokee, and Seminoles
 Georgia takes control of Cherokee land-1830
 Supreme Court says no
 Jackson says try and enforce decision
 Move all tribes west of the Mississippi
 1830 Indian Removal Act—thousands died in the
forced marches
 New guarantee that the Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
would be theirs forever—lasts about 15 years.
 Indian Removal Act
Jackson’s Attack on the United States Bank
 Earlier bank: Bank of the United States, created in 1791
 Brainchild of Hamilton, opposed by Jefferson, and sanctioned by Washington
after some hesitation as to its constitutionality
 Bank Charter which expired in 1811; not renewed , partly because of threefourths of its shares were held by foreigners, mainly English
 Second Bank of U.S. (BUS) created in 1816
 Charter due to expire in 1836
 Very unpopular
 Jackson pledged during the campaign appealed for a mandate in his fight
against it
 Supported by the South and West – Western Ideals!
Banking in America
 Hopeless confusion
 State banks and private banks (wildcat banks), which usually failed
 Each issued notes; held no other assets
 The West - little specie
 West consisted of either wild-cat notes of notes from State banks
 Notes lost value as they traveled away from their place of origin
 BUS was intended to establish a uniform currency throughout the country
 Most Americans worried about the about the corrupting power of monopolies and
feared that the creation of a new class of moneyed capitalist would undermine the
moral and political fiber of the republic
 Land speculation mushroomed
 Easy credit terms for those who wished to buy lands
Financial panic struck in 1819 – The party ends!!!
Banking in America
 Louisiana Purchase Notes comes due
 BUS demands specie in exchange for its holding in state bank notes
 Urban banks collapse
 Discharged their employees
 Thousands of borrowers could not pay their loans; lost farms, homes, and
businesses
 The panic revealed the ugly side of the Market Revolution
 Lawsuits initiated by BUS against state banks and consumers
 BUS behaved like a private, profit-making lender instead of a public regulator
Group Activity
 Interpreting Primary Source Documents
 Document # 1 “Bank Veto” – Andrew Jackson
 Document # 2 “On the American System” – Henry Clay
 Class separated into two groups, each analyzing a different document
 Debate the issues
 Directions to follow
Group Activity
Guiding Questions
 “Bank Veto”
 What kinds of changes were occurring in American society that might incline some
citizens to agree with Jackson’s charges?
 What kind of citizens would be likely to rejects his analysis?
 Regarding the bank – was it appropriate for a democracy to give so much power to
private corporations?
 Are Jackson’s moral, constitutional, and economic arguments sound or far-fetched?
 “On the American System”
 What are the main parts of the American System
 How do they fit together
 What kind of values does Clay appeal to when argues for the adoption
 How are they different from Jackson’s
 How do the two arguments suggest different visions for the country’s future
Tonight’s Homework
Resolved - For the United States, Andrew Jackson’s time as President marked a
turning point in its history. He strengthened the power of the presidency, defended
the Union, gained new respect for the United States in foreign affairs, and pushed
the country toward democracy.
 Develop a thesis either agreeing or disagreeing with this statement
 Develop an outline for a regents-style essay supporting your conclusion
 You do not have to write a complete essay
 Thesis and Outline Only!!!
Andrew Jackson’s Big Block of Cheese