Transcript File - AP United States History

Chapter 8
Securing the Republic, 1790–1815
• TIMELINE:
Politics in an Age of Passion
– 1787 (Sept. 17) – 39 out of 55 delegates sign the
Constitution
http://colonialhall.com/biousc.php
– 1788 (Feb. 7) – 9 out of 13 states  Constitution Ratified
http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/constitutionday/ratification.html
– 1789 (April 30)
George Washington, NYC (temporary
capitol)  John Adams becomes VP
http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/gw-inauguration/
– 1792 George Washington reelected
PoliticsGEORGE
in anWASHINGTON
Age of Passion
1789 – 1797
Served 2 Terms (8 years):
1789 - Electoral College unanimously elects Washington (got all 69 electoral votes, 34 votes to VP Adams
http://millercenter.org/president/washington/essays/biography/3
http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/
1792 - Electoral College unanimously elects Washington (got all 132 electoral votes, 15 states)
http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1792/
Biography – Washington (4:45):
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http://www.biography.com/people/george-washington-9524786#synopsis
President Washington embodied national unity and the virtue of republican self-sacrifice, having
retired from public life after the war. His vice-president, John Adams, was an important political leader of the
Revolution.
George Washington’s executive (Cabinet) & judicial office
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/web02/segment7.html
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John Adams, Vice President
Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State
Alexander Hamilton as head of the Treasury Department.
Henry Knox, Secretary of War
John Jay, Chief Justice
Edmund Randolph, Attorney General
Judiciary Act of 1789
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Judiciary Act of 1789 created the Federal court system made
up of district and appeals courts
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/9b.asp
• Establishes Court System:
• 6 Supreme Court Justices
– (Constitution established Supreme Court and left the design of the lower
courts up to Congress) [Today: 9 justices]
• 13 Lower Federal District Courts
– (Today: 94 organized into 12 regional circuits]
• 3 Circuit Courts of Appeals
– (3 judges circulate, visit each district 2X/yr)
– (Today: 13 appellate courts- US Courts of Appeals]
Hamilton’s Economic Program
A financial plan proposed by Hamilton frayed
national unity.
Purpose: Stabilize the nation’s finances, garner
the support of powerful financiers, and foster
economic development, United States to become
a world military and commercial power.
Hamilton’s National Bank: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hamilton/peopleevents/e_bank.html
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Hamilton’s Economic Program
Public Credit: (Report on Public Credit) – improve nation’s credit & pay debt
Pay all war debt
Create a new national debt:
issued national interest-bearing bonds to government creditors, deflated state war
bonds could be exchanged for these
Assume state debts into national debt (due to France, Spain, Holland $79 mil)
Establish a Bank of the United States (National Bank)
modeled on the Bank of England
that would act as the nation’s financial agent—a private corporation that would hold
government funds, make loans to the government for economic development
Regulate money supply
Tax Whiskey - To raise revenue
Report on Manufactures,
promote manufacturing and develop industry over agriculture
Tariffs and government subsidies to develop factories that would produce in the U.S.
goods then imported from abroad. (promote American manufacturing)
Trade with Great Britain
Supporters: Federalists, American financiers, manufacturers, and merchants
supported Hamilton’s vision of the nation as a powerful commercial republic
Jeffersonian-Hamiltonian Bargain:
(Compromise of 1790)
Jefferson and James Madison (Virginia): Republicans
• argued against Hamilton's economic plan
• disagree with the central government assuming state debt
because southern states (except SC) had paid down their debt
while New England still carried significant debt.
• South lacked investors & owners of government bonds, support
for manufacturing was weak, and these states had paid off
much of their war debt
• North stood to be the greatest beneficiary w/ the largest debts.
Bargain:
• To earn (Republican) southern votes Hamilton’s economic plan,
(Federalists) Northern states would allow capital to be moved to
the Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia
• Capitol would then be located closer to the South
National Bank Debate
• Madison opposed (South/Democratic-Republians),
Congress passed it, President Washington passes the
bill 1791
• Jefferson (Strict Constructionist) - bank not
necessary (simply convenient for collecting taxes,
regulating currency)
• 10th Amendment reserves to the states and people
those powers not delegated to Congress
• Hamilton (Loose Constructionist) - power to charter
corporations is within the power of any government
Strict Construction & Loose Construction
of the Constitution
• Debate over National Bank led to the question of how to
interpret the Constitution:
• Strict Construction - federal government can only exercise
powers specifically listed in the Constitution (Congress only has
power explicitly listed)
• Loose Construction - federal government can exercise
powers that are implied by the Constitution (Congress has
implied powers, Article I, Section 8 Necessary and Proper
clause)
Pierre-Charles L’Enfant’s 1791 Plans for the capitol in Washington DC
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/brief-history-of-lenfant.html
Political Parties
FEDERALISTS - Alexander Hamilton, Sec. of Treasury
• Loose Constructionist
• Support strong central government
• Support Hamilton's economic plan (National bank, National
Debt assume state debts)
• North – merchants, industry, manufacturing, bankers, business
• French Revolution - against it
• Support British alliance
Political Parties
Republicans – Thomas Jefferson, Sec. of State
(Democratic-Republicans or Jeffersonian Republicans)
• Strict Constructionist
• Support small government  society of Farmers, South
• Oppose Hamilton's economic policies (assume state debt,
national bank unconstitutional, promotes manufacturing over
agriculture, manufacturing only helps North
• Hamilton’s plans for close ties with Britain alarmed James
Madison and Thomas Jefferson, who looked not to Europe but
westward expansion at the plan for the nation
• French Revolution. - support French cause for liberty
• Support a French alliance
• Threat to Liberty  alliance of Federal Government with capitalists
VIDEO (4:18) – Federalists v
Republicans:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KnPB37YB7I
Politics in an Age of Passion
Washington’s Administration
The Impact of the French Revolution
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The French Revolution of 1789 deepened political divisions in America. At first almost all
Americans celebrated the Revolution, as it seemed inspired by their own revolution and
republic. But the turn in France in 1793 to a more radical revolution, marked by the execution of
King Louis XVI and aristocrats and war between France and Great Britain, polarized Americans.
Jefferson and his followers thought: (Democratic-Republicans)
– the French Revolution, despite its extremism, was a victory for self-government
everywhere.
Washington, Hamilton and their followers thought: (Federalists)
the Revolution invited anarchy, and they believed America should befriend Britain.
Genet Affair, 1793 Since the Revolution (1778), the United States had been a permanent ally of France.
Neutrality (1793) - Washington declared that the United States would be neutral in the war
between France and Britain.
Washington wanted to expel a French envoy, Edmond Genet, for trying to recruit American
ships to attack British vessels (shore French support).
At the same time, Britain seized American ships and sailors.
Jay Treaty (1794)- John Jay negotiated a controversial treaty
Goal: protest British impressment and trade blockages with French West Indies
British agree to abandon Forts in US and US will favor British imports.
Effectively cancelled the American-French alliance and recognized British commercial and
naval supremacy.
The Whiskey Rebellion - 1794
Background: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/pande22.html
Video (9:19) : http://historicalspotlight.com/the-whiskey-rebellion-video/
When armed frontier farmers in Pennsylvania tried to prevent the collection of the whiskey tax in 1794, invoking
the Revolution and liberty (Liberty or Death) Washington dispatched troops to the region to suppress them. The
rebels offered no resistance, and the rebellion reinforced Federalists’ fear of popular democracy.
Who? PA Backcountry Farmers (tax affected farmers between Georgia to Pennsylvania Appalachian Mountains)
What - distilled corn/ rye or peaches / apples, much more profitable than shipping bulking crops to
seaboard markets
Profit - Bushel of corn worth 25 cent, 2 1/2 gallons of liquor worth 10X
Why - most Americans drank alcoholic beverages in 18th and early 19th century; cheaper than tea
and water often contaminated (beer, hard cider, ale, wine, rum, brandy, whiskey)
Conflict? Hamilton's economic plan taxes whiskey
• 1794 - PA backcountry farmers rebel against tax and George Washington assembled 13,000
militiamen from VA, MD, PA, NJ led by General Henry Lee
• 500 armed men burned a federal tax collectors house
• rebels destroyed the stills of people who paid the whiskey tax
• stopped court proceedings
• threatened an assault on Pittsburgh
Pres. Washington accompanied troops for a few days, hoping to show the strength of this new government.
Event led some sympathizers for backcountry farmers and excessive force used to become Republicans.
Politics in an Age of Passion
The Republican Party
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The Republicans, led by Madison and Jefferson, seemed to embrace
popular politics. They supported France and had more faith in democratic
self-government. Southern planters, ordinary farmers around the country,
and urban artisans who sympathized with the French Revolution supported
this party. They were far more critical of social and economic inequality, and
more congenial to broad democratic participation by ordinary Americans,
than the Federalists.
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Each party believed that only itself was legitimate and representative of all
the nation’s interests. The other party was deemed an illegitimate “faction”
and enemy of American liberty and the Revolution’s principles.
• Support France
• Critical of social and economic inequality
• Support broad democratic participation
Politics in an Age of Passion
An Expanding Public Sphere
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The partisanship of the 1790s expanded the public sphere and the democratic content of American freedom.
It increased the number of citizens who attended political events and read newspapers. Ordinary men never
before active in politics wrote pamphlets and organized political meetings.
• Press Expands: 1790’s 100-260 newspapers
1810400 newspapers
» Post Offices 1000 created  increased circulation of letters, printed material
(increase communication)
The Democratic-Republican Societies
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These men included members of the Democratic-Republican societies, inspired by the Jacobin clubs of Paris.
They openly supported the French Revolution and praised American and French liberty. Federalists viewed
them as illegitimately usurping the representative authority of the government; Washington dismissed them as
“self-created societies.” They justified their existence by claiming that the people had a right to debate political
questions and organize to influence government policy. They believed political liberty involved more than just
voting, and included popular organizing and pressure tactics, too. Although the societies soon disappeared,
they were absorbed by the emerging Republican party, which also found support among radical British
immigrants who defended the French Revolution, such as Thomas Paine.
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1793-1794 about 50 Democratic-Republican Societies  Republican Newspapers
publicized meetings
Promote French and American Liberty  right to debate political issues, influence
policy
Federalists fear excess of liberty
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Politics in an Age of Passion
The Rights of Women
• The democratic spirit of the 1790s also invigorated discussion of women’s
rights. a small but growing number of women published political and literary
writings in American newspapers.
• Judith Sargent Murray –
– wrote essays for the Massachusetts Magazine under the Gleaner
– educated at home alongside her brother
– Wrote : “On the Equality of the Sexes”: (1779)
women should have equal access to education &
intellectually inferior to men because denied education
http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/judith-sargent-murray/
• Mary Wollstonecraft – (1792)
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In England, she wrote pamphlet a Vindication of the Rights of Women
promoted greater access to education
Influenced by Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man
Daughter, Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstien
http://www.biography.com/people/mary-wollstonecraft-9535967
Politics in an Age of Passion
The Rights of Women
• The democratic spirit of the 1790s also invigorated discussion of women’s
rights. a small but growing number of women published political and literary
writings in American newspapers.
• Judith Sargent Murray – wrote essays for the Massachusetts Magazine under
the Gleaner , she was educated at home alongside her brother, Wrote
“On the Equality of the Sexes”: (1779) women should have equal access to
education / intellectually inferior to men because denied education
http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/judith-sargent-murray/
• Mary Wollstonecraft – (1792)In England, she wrote pamphlet a Vindication
of the Rights of Women which promoted greater access to education and paid
employment (help them be more capable wives and mothers)
http://www.biography.com/people/mary-wollstonecraft-9535967
• Hannah Adams – Mass., 1st Amer. Woman to support herself as an author
(religious history, history of New England)
Women and the Republic
• Women were still not part of the body politic. Although women were counted
in determining representation in Congress and nothing in the Constitution
explicitly limited rights to men, the document and almost all Americans
assumed that politics was an exclusively male sphere.
The Adams Presidency
The Election of 1796
Biography – John Adams:
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http://www.biography.com/people/john-adams-37967
George Washington was re-elected unanimously in 1792, but he decided to retire from public
life in 1796 and set a precedent that the presidency should not be a life-long office. I
In his Farewell Address, Washington warned against parties and partisanship and urged
Americans to avoid Europe’s power politics by refusing to embrace “permanent alliances” with
other nations.
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The election of 1796 was the first contested presidential election. John Adams with Thomas
Pinckney of South Carolina ran for the Federalists, and Thomas Jefferson, with Aaron Burr of
New York, ran for the Republicans. Although Adams won the presidency with the most electoral
votes, Jefferson received more votes than Pinckney, so he became Adams’s vice-president.
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Adams was brilliant but disliked by nearly everyone, even his supporters, and his administration
faced constant crisis. Although the United States was neutral in the war between France and
Britain, it defended its right to trade with both nations.
In 1797, before negotiating the renewal of France’s treaty with the United States, French
officials demanded bribes. Outraged, Adams publicized the affair, and soon U.S. and French
ships were engaged in a “quasi-war” at sea. America had effectively became an ally of Great
Britain in the European war. In 1800, Adams negotiated a peace with France.
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The Election of 1796
The Adams Presidency
• Adams won with 71 electoral votes
• Jefferson became Vice President
• Problem:
– Adams (Federalist) & Jefferson (DemocraticRepublican) are divided by political party
– Both were running for President
The Adams Presidency
The “Reign of Witches”
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The most controversial act of the Adams administration was the Alien and Sedition Acts, passed
by a Federalist-dominated Congress in 1798. The acts made it harder for immigrants to become
naturalized citizens and allowed the deportation of immigrants deemed “dangerous” by federal
authorities, moves meant to silence immigrant radicals who supported the Republicans and the
French. They also authorized the prosecution of any assembly or publication critical of the
government. This was meant to allow federal authorities to suppress Republican newspapers
attacking the Adams administration and its policies.
Jefferson, referring to the Salem witch trials, believed these acts inaugurated a “reign of witches.”
More than a dozen individuals were charged with sedition, many of whom were convicted,
including Matthew Lyons, a Republican member of Congress.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
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Instead of squelching the opposition, the Alien and Sedition Acts provoked more of it by making
an issue out of free speech. Madison and Jefferson drafted resolutions to be passed by the
Virginia and Kentucky legislatures. Both criticized the acts as violations of the First Amendment.
The original draft of Jefferson’s resolution asserted that states could unilaterally stop the
enforcement of such laws within their borders—but the Kentucky legislature deleted this passage
before passing its resolution. While many Americans were repelled by the idea that states could
refuse to follow federal laws, more Americans believed the Alien and Sedition Acts violated
protections for free speech enshrined in the Constitution.
The Adams Presidency
The “Revolution of 1800”
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The most controversial act of the Adams administration was the Alien and Sedition
Acts, passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress in 1798. The acts made it harder
for immigrants to become naturalized citizens and allowed the deportation of
immigrants deemed “dangerous” by federal authorities, moves meant to silence
immigrant radicals who supported the Republicans and the French. They also
authorized the prosecution of any assembly or publication critical of the government.
This was meant to allow federal authorities to suppress Republican newspapers
attacking the Adams administration and its policies.
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Jefferson, referring to the Salem witch trials, believed these acts inaugurated a “reign
of witches.” More than a dozen individuals were charged with sedition, many of whom
were convicted, including Matthew Lyons, a Republican member of Congress.
The “Revolution of 1800”
The Adams Presidency
• Jefferson defeated Adams in the 1800
presidential campaign
• A constitutional crisis emerged with the election
– Jefferson and his Vice Presidential candidate Aaron
Burr tied (71 electoral votes)
– House of Representatives decide, Hamilton pushes
House of Representatives to support Jefferson
• 12th Amendment
• Hamilton-Burr duel
• Adams’s acceptance of defeat established a
precedent of a peaceful transfer of power from
a defeated party to its successor
Map 8.1 The Presidential Election 1800
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
The Adams Presidency
Slavery and Politics
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Slavery lurked in the background of debates in the 1790s. Jefferson was
elected only because he received all of the South’s electoral college votes.
Jeffersonian liberty rested on the fact that three-fifths of the slaves were
counted in apportionment. If it had been otherwise, Adams would have been
re-elected in 1800.
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The first Congress received petitions for the abolition of slavery, including
one signed by Benjamin Franklin. Madison and other political leaders, even
though they found slavery distasteful, believed that it was too divisive to be
made in issue in national politics, and they ignored the petitions.
The Adams Presidency
The Haitian Revolution
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The Haitian Revolution demonstrated how slavery shaped and warped American freedom.
Jeffersonians who celebrated the French Revolution as an advance for liberty were
horrified by the slave revolt in 1791 in St.. Domingue, France’s most treasured colonial
possession, an island of sugar plantations in the Caribbean. The slaves defeated British
and French forces sent to suppress the rebellion, and they declared an independent nation
in 1804.
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The revolt affirmed the universal appeal of freedom in this age of revolutions, and fostered
hopes of freedom among America’s slaves. Whites were generally terrified by the specter
of armed slave insurrection, and they interpreted the turmoil in Haiti as a sign that blacks
could not govern themselves. Jefferson’s administration hoped to isolate and destroy the
hemisphere’s second independent republic.
Gabriel’s Rebellion
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1800 also saw a slave revolt in America, led by Gabriel Prosser, a Virginia slave. Plotting to
kill whites on the way to Richmond, where they would hold government officials hostage
and demand the abolition of slavery, the slave rebels were discovered, arrested, and many
of them executed. They were inspired by the language and symbols of the American
Revolution, invoked their right to liberty, and compared themselves to George Washington.
In response, Virginia passed laws that tightened control over the state’s blacks, made it
more difficult for owners to free their slaves, and forced freed slaves to leave the state or
return to slavery.
Jefferson in Power
ELECTION of 1800 – Winners
President Thomas Jefferson (Republican)
Vice President Aaron Burr
Jefferson’s inauguration in March 4, 801:
• He tried to roll back almost everything the Federalists had done by cutting taxes and the size of
the government, essentially dismantling the work of the Federalists.
• Even though he said that “…We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” he did not follow
through with this idea:
1. Jefferson vowed to reduce government, free trade, ensure freedom of religion and the press,
and avoid “entangling alliances” with other nations.
2. He sought to dismantle much of the Federalist edifice and prevent the kind of centralized state
Federalists promoted.
3. Pardoned those jailed under the Sedition Act
4. Reduced the army and navy and the number of government employees
5. Abolished all taxes except for the tariff, and paid off part of the nation’s debt.
Jefferson in Power
Judicial Review
• Despite Jefferson’s wishes, the Supreme Court under Chief
Justice John Marshall, a Federalist and Adams appointee,
increased its power during his administration.
• Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Marshall Court established
the right of the Supreme Count to determine whether an act of
Congress violates the Constitution—the power known as
“judicial review.” The Marshall Court also soon established the
right of the nation’s highest court to determine the
constitutionality of state laws.
• Fletcher v Peck (1810), Court extended judicial review to
states (exercised authority to overturn a state law that the
Court considered in violation of the US Constitution)
Jefferson in Power
The Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson’s Purchase is ironic:
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Jefferson saw the Louisiana Purchase as his greatest achievement, and yet his view was highly ironic given
its origins and character.
(Remember he believed in a government had limited powers, restricted to those explicitly in the Constitution –
Strict Construction)
Louisiana Territory changed hands a couple times before being purchased by the US:
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Acquired by Spain in 1762 from France (Seven Years’ War)
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Acquired by France in 1800 from Spain
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Acquired by US in 1803 from France  purchased by Jefferson for the very small sum of $15 million ($250
million today)
– Napoleon sold it because the Haitian Revolution, which Jefferson detested, had defeated an overtaxed
French military and Napoleon needed funds for campaigns in Europe.
A vast Louisiana territory:
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Stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
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Americans were happy to secure the port of New Orleans, thus ensuring a previously precarious right to freely
trade on the Mississippi.
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Doubled the nation’s size and ended France’s presence in North America
Federalists Oppose:
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Federalists opposed the purchase  wasteful / Government doesn’t have the $ and don’t need the land
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Jefferson  ensured the survival of the agrarian republic of small and independent, virtuous farmers.
Jefferson in Power
Lewis and Clark
EXPLORE:
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Jefferson dispatched two fellow Virginians, Meriwether Lewis & William Clark, to explore the Louisiana
Territory
PURPOSE:
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Find a water route (commercial development) to the Pacific Ocean
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conduct scientific and commercial surveys (region’s resources)
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develop trade with Indians
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finda commercial route to the Pacific Ocean that could foster trade with Asia.
SUCCESS & FAILURE:
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In two years reached the Pacific Ocean (reaching it in the area of today’s Oregon) and back.
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Found global markets had reached the trans-Mississippi West
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Brought back plant & animal specimens
SACAJAWEA: http://lewis-clark.org/content/content-channel.asp?ChannelID=159
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She acted as a guide and interpreter for the expedition
Website to follow their journey: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lewisandclark/journey_intro.html
Incorporating Louisiana
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Incorporating Louisiana, especially the city of New Orleans, was not easy. It had multiple legal and cultural
traditions begun there by the Spanish and French. Slaves in New Orleans under these regimes had some
limited rights. But even though the treaty said the United States would recognize all previous rights and legal
customs, the rights of slaves and blacks were severely circumscribed once the United States took over.
Map 8.2 The Louisiana Purchase
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Jefferson in Power
The Barbary Wars
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The Louisiana Purchase showed that, despite being far removed from Europe, events across
the Atlantic world deeply affected the United States. Because the United States depended on
many goods, especially manufactured goods, from Europe, the wars there directly influenced
Americans’ livelihoods. Jefferson hoped to avoid becoming entangled in Europe’s wars, but
ultimately he could not ignore these struggles. Jefferson, who wanted a diminished central
state, used the military to fight the nation’s first war, a war to protect commerce in the
Mediterranean.
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In North Africa, the Barbary states had long preyed on European and U.S. shipping, although
they refrained from attacking ships if a nation paid a hefty tribute. When Jefferson refused
demands that the United States increase its tribute, a war between the Barbary states and the
United States started, lasting until 1804. The treaty ending the war ensured the freedom to ship
freely in the Mediterranean and nearby Atlantic oceans.
Jefferson in Power
The Embargo
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When war between France and Britain resumed in 1803, each nation imposed a blockade to deny the other’s
trade with the United States, which was officially neutral. The British also engaged in the impressment of
American sailors, essentially kidnapping them for service in the Royal Navy. Jefferson, believing America’s
economy required free trade, enacted the Embargo, which prohibited all American vessels from sailing to
foreign ports, to force an end to the blockades. The Embargo stopped almost all American exports, and
devastated the nation’s ports, but did not persuade France or Great Britain to end their blockades. In 1809,
Jefferson signed the Non-Intercourse Act, which banned trade only with Britain and France, and promised a
resumption of trade with either nation if it ended its ban on American shipping.
Madison and Pressure for War
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In 1808, Jefferson’s successor James Madison easily won election as president. With the Embargo a failure
and deeply unpopular, in 1810 Madison forged a new policy in which trade was resumed with both powers,
but provided that if either France or Britain stopped interfering with American shipping, the United States
could reimpose an embargo on the other nation. France ended its blockade, and the British increased their
attacks on American ships and sailors. In 1812, Madison resumed the embargo against Britain. Young
Congressmen from the West known as War Hawks, such as Henry Clay of Kentucky and John Calhoun of
South Carolina, called for war, in part because it would be an opportunity to conquer Florida and Canada.
Others wanted a war to defend the principles of free trade and end Europe’s power over America.
The "Second War of Independence"
The Indian Response
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Deteriorating relations with Indians in the West also precipitated war. Under Jefferson, the
government continued efforts to “civilize” the Indians, even while it made efforts to remove them
from their lands to open space for white settlers. Indians in the western territories acquired
through the Louisiana Purchase by now were greatly outnumbered by whites, and some tribes,
particularly the Creek and Cherokee, began to adopt white ways, such as agriculture and
slavery. Others, called “nativists,” wanted to end European influences and resist white
settlement of their lands. In the dozen years before 1812, movements of prophecy and cultural
revitalization swept western and southern tribes, calling on Indians to stop the white’s
destructive practices, such as gambling and drinking.
Tecumseh’s Vision
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A more militant position was taken by two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa.
They refused to sign treaties with whites and advocated resistance to the federal government,
and Tenskwatawa, a prophet, argued that whites were the source of all evil and that Indians
should completely separate from everything European. In 1810, Tecumseh organized attacks
on frontier settlements. In 1811, William Henry Harrison destroyed the militants’ village at the
Battle of Tippecanoe.
The "Second War of Independence"
The War of 1812
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When Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain in 1812, the vote reflected a divided
nation. Federalists and Republicans representing northern states, where mercantile and
financial interests were concentrated, voted against the war. Southern and western
representatives voted overwhelmingly for it. Deeply divided, the U.S. lacked a large navy or
army, lacked a central bank (since the Bank of the United States’ charter expired in 1811), and
northern merchants and bankers refused to loan money to the government. Britain, even
though focused on the war in Europe, initially repelled American invasions in Canada and
imposed an effective blockade on the nation’s shipping.
In 1814, the British invaded and captured Washington, D.C., burned the White House, and
forced the government to flee.
The United States had a few victories:
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including the defense of Baltimore at Fort McHenry, an event that inspired the song that
became the national anthem, the “Star-Spangled Banner.”
• The United States decisively vanquished Indian forces in the West and South, killing Tecumseh
and many other militants.
• Forces led by Andrew Jackson forced Indians to cede much of the southeastern lands that
became Alabama and Mississippi, and then famously repulsed British forces at the Battle of
New Orleans in January 1815. This battle was fought before news reached America that
American and British negotiators had signed the Treaty of Ghent which had ended the war the
previous month. The treaty changed nothing, giving the United States no territory or rights
regarding U.S. ships or impressment.
• VIDEO http://www.history.com/topics/marbury-v-madison/videos
Map 8.3 The War of 1812.
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
The "Second War of Independence"
The War’s Aftermath
• At the time, some Americans called the War of 1812 the Second War
of Independence.
• The war affirmed the ability of the republic to defend itself and
wage war without sacrificing its republican institutions. It made
Andrew Jackson a national hero. And it sealed the doom of Indians
who occupied lands east of the Mississippi River, thus finally
securing this vast area for whites, many of whom in the south
would bring slaves and slavery with them. The war strengthened
Americans’ nationalism and their sense of isolation and separation
from Europe.
The "Second War of Independence"
The End of the Federalist Party
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The war sealed the demise of the Federalist Party, which had been briefly revitalized
by widespread opposition to the war in the north. Madison only narrowly won reelection as president in 1812. But an ill-timed convention of New England Federalists
at Hartford, Connecticut in December 1814, badly injured the party. Convention
delegates criticized the domination of the presidency by Virginians, lamented the
diminishing influence of the northeast as new southern and western states joined the
union, and called for an end to the three-fifths clause. They demanded two-thirds
votes in Congress for declaring war, admitting new states, and laws restricting trade.
But Jackson’s electrifying victory at New Orleans made the Federalists seem
unpatriotic.
•
Within a few years the Federalist Party disappeared. The urban and commercial
interests the party represented were small in an expanding agrarian nation, and their
elitism and distrust of democracy was increasingly out of touch with an increasingly
democratic culture. But the Federalists had raised an issue that would not go away in
the future—the domination of the national government by the slaveholding south—
and the kind of commercial development they championed would soon inaugurate a
social and economic transformation of the nation.
Additional Art for Chapter 8
This colorful image from around the time of the War
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Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
An early American coin, bearing an image of liberty
and the word itself
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
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Liberty and Washington
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The Bank of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
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Venerate the Plough
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Pierre-Charles L’Enfant’s 1791 plan for Washington
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Infant Liberty Nursed by Mother Mob
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A 1794 painting by the Baltimore artist
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A print shop in the early republic.
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An engraving from The Lady’s Magazine
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Mary Wollstonecraft, author of the pioneering work
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This sampler was made by Peggy Castleman
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Congressional Pugilists
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An 1800 campaign banner
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The Providential Detection
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Toussaint L’Ouverture
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A watercolor by the artist William Russell
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White Hall Plantation
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A page from William Clark’s journal of the Lewis
and Clark expedition
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New Orleans in 1803, at the time of the Louisiana Purchase.
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O-Grab-Me
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Benjamin Hawkins Trading with the Creek Indians.
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The lid of a chest decorated with scenes from
the War of 1812.
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The Taking of the City of Washington
.
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The bombardment of Baltimore’s Fort
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Norton Lecture Slides
Independent and Employee-Owned
This concludes the Norton Lecture Slides
Slide Set for Chapter 8
Give Me Liberty!
AN AMERICAN HISTORY
THIRD EDITION
by
Eric Foner