Transcript File

United States History EOC
study guide
In thanks to Miss White and Ms. Martinez
Anaconda Plan
• The Anaconda Plan is the name
applied to an outline strategy for
suppressing the Confederacy at the
beginning of the American Civil War.
Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield
Scott, the plan emphasized the
blockade of the Southern ports, and
called for an advance down the
Mississippi River to cut the South in
two.
Carpetbaggers
• In United States history,
a carpetbagger was a
Northerner who moved to
the South after the American
Civil War, during the
Reconstruction era (1865–
1877). White Southerners
denounced them fearing they
would loot and plunder the
defeated South.
Sharecropping
• Sharecropping is a system
of agriculture in which a
landowner allows a
tenant (usually AfricanAmericans) to use the
land in return for a share
of the crops produced on
their portion of land.
th
14
Amendment
• The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9,
1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in
the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed.
• Civil Rights Act of 1866- granted freedmen rights of citizenship,
overturning the Black codes
Jim Crow Laws
• Jim Crow laws were state and
local laws enforcing racial
segregation in the Southern
United States. Enacted after
the Reconstruction period,
these laws continued in force
until 1965.
Reservation systems
• An Indian reservation is a legal
designation for an area of land
managed by a Native American
tribe under the US Bureau of
Indian Affairs, rather than
the state governments of the
United States in which they are
physically located. Each of the
326[1] Indian reservations in the
United States are associated
with a particular Nation.
Immigration: Old vs New
Old Immigrant
• English-speakers
from
Northern or
Western
Europe
• Protestant
Christians
• White
• Familiar with
English political
traditions and
law
New Immigrants
• Non-English
speakers from
Southern and
Eastern Europe
• Different
Alphabets:
Greek, Cyrillic,
and Arabic
• Catholic, Jewish,
Orthodox
Christians, and
Muslims
• Unfamiliar with
English political
traditions and
law
Industrialization
• Industrialization is the
process in which a society
or country (or world)
transforms itself from a
primarily agricultural
society into one based on
the manufacturing of goods
and services.
• 1st factory was a textile mill
Causes:
1. Large number of people
2. Natural Resource: Coal, iron ore,
and oil
3. Capital: lots of money
4. Transportation: canals, trains,
ships
Chinese Exclusion act
• The Chinese Exclusion Act was a
United States federal law signed
by President Chester A. Arthur
on May 6, 1882. It was one of
the most significant restrictions
on free immigration in US
history, prohibiting all
immigration of Chinese laborers.
Child Labor
• Used because they could be paid less than an adult and could get into small
spaces
• 1 out of 5 children (under the age of 15) were working outside the home
• Many of them suffered from the same diseases and injuries as the adults
working the factories: black lung disease, malnutrition, mutilations, etc
• 1907: John Spargo (1876–1966) published 'The Bitter Cry of the Children'
on child labor conditions in the coal mines and the plight of the "breaker
boys".
• 1916: The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act limits how many hours children
are allowed to work - also refer to Child Labor in America
Government regulations
• Munn v. Illinois-Supreme court ruled that state could regulate businesses affecting
the public “interest,” such as railroads
• Wabash v. Illinois-Supreme court ruled that states could not regulate railroads
running through several states since that was “interstate commerce.” Only
Congress could regulate interstate commerce.
• Interstate Commerce Act- In response to the Wabash case, Congress passed this
law against unfair railroad practices by railroads. All customers were required to
pay the same rates, which were to be “reasonable and just.” Finally, a special
regulatory commission was established to enforce the act.
• Sherman Anti-trust Act- Congress forbade all trusts, combinations, and
conspiracies that limited or restricted interstate trade. The language was extremely
vague, weakening its effect. In the 1890s, it was even used against labor unions
instead of against “Big Business.”
• U.S. v. E.C. Knight Company-Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Anti-trust act
could not be used to break up a monopoly controlling over 90% of all U.S. sugar
refining. The court held that this was a manufacturing monopoly and therefore not
within the congressional power to control “interstate trade.”
Government Regulations
• Laissez-Faire-government doesn’t interfere with the relationship
between consumers and business owners
• Pure Food and Drug Act-prohibited the adulteration of foods or the
use of poisons as preservatives
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act-prohibited certain unfair business practices. It
also stated that the anti-trust laws could not be used against labor
unions.
• Federal Trade Commission Act-a regulatory agency with the powers
to investigate corporate activities and to issue orders forcing a
corporation to discontinue a business practice until its fairness was
decided in court
Roosevelt as “Trust-Buster”
Political machines
• An organization , usually controlled by a strong leader or “boss,” that gets
citizens to vote for its candidates on election day. People worked for the
machine in exchange for political favors and other rewards
• in New York, Boss Tweed, gained a lot of money from contracts and
kickbacks by encouraging immigrants to vote for certain government
officials in exchange for a job
• George Washington Plunkitt, bought property that he knew the
government was about to purchase, and then sold it at very high prices
Women's Suffrage
• National Women’s Suffrage Association was founded in 1869. they represented millions of
women and were active during the Progressive Movement. Susan B. Anthony co-founded
the organization.
• Under the U.S. Constitution, individual states actually controlled the requirements for
voting, even in federal elections.
• Carrie Chapman Catt: activist in Iowa, 2nd president of National Women’s Suffrage
Association, after Susan B. Anthony. She, also, fought for women’s rights oversees and for
international peace
• Alice Paul brought back militant tactics back to the U.S. from England. She organized a
march in Washington D.C. on behalf of women’s rights. With a small group she picketed
the White House and was arrested. She went on a hunger strike and had to be force-fed.
Her actions helped to persuade President Wilson to pass women’s suffrage.
“Big Stick” policy
• Monroe Doctine-instituted by President
Monroe, stated to European countries
to stay out of the Western Hemispere
• Roosevelt Corollary (Theodore
Roosevelt) expanded the Monroe
Doctrine. The U.S. would intervene and
collect the debts for European powers
in the Western Hemispere.
• “Big Stick”policy was another name for
the Roosevelt Corollary and thus
Roosevelt’s foreign policy. He would
send troops into the West Indie and
Central American countries repeatedly.
Panama canal
• Was built by the U.S. so to cut down on
shipping time. It took ten years and
$400 million dollars to build. U.S.
controlled the canal until October 1,
1979, with the signing of Torrijos-Carter
Treaty, by the U.S. President Jimmy
Carter.
• Problems: Yellow Fever and Malaria,
which were passed by mosquitos. U.S.
spent money eradicating these insects,
so keep the death rate down of the
workers.
• Many of the workers were from the
Carribean.
Causes of WWI
• Militarism-Glorification of the military, military planning, and arms races.
Germany and England competed to build the largest, most powerful navy
• Alliances-Europe was divided into 2 parts. On one side Germany and AustriaHungary; on the other Russia, France, and Great Britain. Disputes with one
country involved all of their allies.
• Imperialism-competing economic interests threatened nationalism and
alliances. Imperialism also created an atmosphere of tension
• Nationalism-pride in ones nation. This led to rivalries between the European
“Great Powers,” such as Germany and England. It also led to some ethnic
groups to demand their own nation-state. Austria-Hungary was made up of
many ethnicities that wanted their own country.
Causes of U.S. entrance into WWI
• German submarine warfare in open water. Lusitania, a British
passenger ship that had sailed from New York and was just off the
Irish coast was shot. A 128 Americans were killed. Sussex Pledge, the
German government pledged not to sink any more ocean liners or
merchant ships without prior warning or making provisions for
passenger.
• Zimmerman Telegram-secret telegram was discovered and decoded
by the British, from the German Foreign Minister, promising the
return of New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas to Mexico if it allied with
Germany against the U.S.
Espionage Act and Sedition acts
• Espionage Act- created procedures for detecting and imprisoning spies. It
allowed the federal government to censor the mail and to arrest anyone
interfering with the enforcement of the draft.
• Sedition act of 1918- it is a crime to use “disloyal” or “abusive language”
about the government, the flag, or the Constitution.
• Eugene Debs- a socialist, gave an anti-war speech in Ohio and was arrested.
Debs claimed that he had a right to exercise his free speech, which was
protected by the 1st Amendment. Emma Goldman and Bill Haywood were
imprisoned for the same offense.
• Charles Schenck was imprisoned for passing out leaflets advising men that
they should resist the draft
• The U.S. Supreme court supported both of these convictions on the basis
that they a “clear and present danger” to the U.S.
African-Americans in WWI
• 369th, all-black regiment, they fought
so fiercely that the German’s called
them “Hell Fighters.” They were the
first unit to cross the Rhine into
Germany; they performed well at
Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood
• Great Migration- Many African
Americans left the south for jobs in the
northern factories. They wanted to the
leave the black codes, KKK, and Jim
Crow of the south.
14 points
• President Wilson’s blueprint for peace
• He wanted to eliminate the causes of war:
• End Secret meetings and alliances
• Freedom of the seas
• Reduce armaments
• He wanted to ensure the right to self-determination for ethnic groups
• He wanted an international organization called the League of Nations that
would ensure peace. Members would agree to protect one another’s
independence and territorial integrity.
• These points were not easily accepted by France or Great Britain. The United
States Congress would not agree to joining the League of Nations.
WWI Homefront
• Women joined the workforce
• Committee on Public Information-help sell the war
• collected tins, paper, old toothpaste tubes, fruit pits, knitted blankets and socks
for soldiers
• Everything German was considered disloyal. This led to anti-German hysteria.
• Liberty bonds were sold to raise money for the war.
• War Industry Board-direct industrial production
• National War Labor board-settled labor disputes during the war. After the
war labor disputes rose drastically.
• Food Administration board-encourages Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wed. etc
• Fuel Administration-increased production and encourage conservation
Demobilization
• Women lost their jobs, and were forced back home
• Factories lost business and crop prices fell
• Americans went on a spending spree causing inflation and a sharp
recession
• Rising Labor tension- workers were fighting for raises and work
conditions
Causes of the Great Depression
• Black Tuesday (stock market crash)-stock prices plunged because everyone
was trying to sell their stock
 bull market-steady rise in stock prices over a long period
Buying on margin-put a small amount down to buy stock and receive a loan for the
rest
Speculation-making risky investments in the hope of earning a large profit
• Overproduction
• Wealth Gap
• Underconsumption
• Tariffs
• Bank failures-banks loaned money to buy stocks. When the stock market
crashed it caused borrowers to default on their loans. The banks started to
close, because of lack of money. This resulted in a run on the bank.
NAACP
• Began in 1909
• Fought through the courts to end segregation, protested lynching and
other racist violence, and ensure African American men could
exercise voting rights
• A founding members were W.E.B. DuBois and Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Sit down strike
• A sit-in or sit-down is a form
of direct action that involves
one or more people
occupying an area for a
protest, often to promote
political, social, or economic
change.
Lend Lease Act
• Military aid to Britain was
greatly facilitated by the
Lend-Lease Act of March 11,
1941, in which Congress
authorized the sale, lease,
transfer, or exchange of arms
and supplies to 'any country
whose defense the president
deems vital to the defense of
the United States.‘”
WWII Home front
• Rationing-a system for limiting the distribution of
• War production Board-manage the conversion of industries to military
production
• Office of Price Administration- instituted price controls on goods and
rationed consumer products, food, gasoline, and other goods
• Executive Order 9066 (Japanese Internment)-government rounded up
Japanese peoples because they posed a threat to the U.S.
• Women in the workforce and hardships at home
• Double V campaign- (African Americans) a call for a battle against racism on
two fronts.
• Zoot Suit Riots- sailors and marines roamed the Latino parts of town and
beat up anyone of Latino descent
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Both were bombed to save American military lives.
• Enola Gay dropped the 1st atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
• 3 days later a 2nd bomb was dropped on Nagasaki
• The bombing of Nagasaki brought a surrender from Japan and ended
the war
• As many as 250,000 Japanese may have died from the two atomic
bombs, either directly or as a result of burns, radiation poisoning, or
cancer
Loyalty Review Program
• President Harry S. Truman signed
United States Executive Order 9835,
sometimes known as the
"Loyalty Order", on March 22, 1947.
The order established the first
generalloyalty program in the United
States, designed to root out
communist influence in the U.S.
federal government.
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the
European Recovery Program, ERP) was
an American initiative to aid Western
Europe, in which the United States gave
$13 billion (approximately $130 billion
in current dollar value as of March
2016) in economic support to help
rebuild Western European economies
after the end of World War ...
Cold War
• The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II
between powers,United States and Soviet Union. Historians do not fully agree
on the dates, but 1947–91 is common.
• Causes of the tension: S.U. going against Potsdam and Yalta conferences;
Marshall plan and Moltov Plan; Berlin blockade and airlift; different beliefs
between the U.S. and U.S.S.R; and U.S. containment policy (Greece and
Turkey as examples)
• Arms Race- a competition to obtain and control the most amount of atomic
or hydrogen bombs
McCarthyism
• Began by Senator Joseph McCarthy
when he claimed to have a list of
205 Communist in the American
government
• McCarthyism is the practice of
making accusations of subversion
or treason without proper regard
for evidence. It also means "the
practice of making unfair
allegations or using unfair
investigative techniques, especially
in order to restrict dissent or
political criticism."
Black Panthers
• In October of 1966, in Oakland
California, Huey Newton and Bobby
Seale founded the Black
Panther Party for Self-Defense.
The Panthers practiced militant
self-defense of minority
communities against the U.S.
government, and fought to
establish revolutionary socialism
through mass organizing and
community based programs.
Freedom Rides
• Freedom Riders were civil rights
activists who rode interstate buses
into the segregated southern
United States in 1961 and following
years to challenge the nonenforcement of the United States
Supreme Court decisions Irene
Morgan v. Commonwealth of
Virginia (1946) and Boynton v.
Virginia (1960), which ruled that ...
Plessy vs. Ferguson
• Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, was
a landmark United States Supreme
Court decision upholding the
constitutionality of state laws
requiring racial segregation in public
facilities under the doctrine of
"separate but equal"
Abraham Lincoln
• the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861
until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States
through itsCivil War—its bloodiest war and an event often considered
its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.[1][2] In doing so,
he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal
government, and modernized the economy.
• issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free
those slaves within the confederacy
Vietnam War
• The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of
North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and
its principal ally, the United States. The war began in 1954 (though conflict in the region
stretched back to the mid-1940s), after the rise to power of Ho Chi Minh and his
communist Viet Minh party in North Vietnam, and continued against the backdrop of an
intense Cold War between two global superpowers: the United States and the Soviet
Union. More than 3 million people (including 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam
War; more than half were Vietnamese civilians. By 1969, at the peak of U.S. involvement in
the war, more than 500,000 U.S. military personnel were involved in the Vietnam conflict.
Growing opposition to the war in the United States led to bitter divisions among
Americans, both before and after President Richard Nixon ordered the withdrawal of U.S.
forces in 1973. In 1975, communist forces seized control of Saigon, ending the Vietnam
War, and the country was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam the following year.
• Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in
the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces
and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the
number of U.S. combat troops."
Radical Republicans
• The Radical Republicans were a faction of American politicians within
the Republican Party of the United States from about 1854 (before
the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877.
• The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same
political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that
the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil
War.
• The Radicals felt that extraordinary times called for direct
intervention in state affairs and laws designed to protect the
emancipated blacks.
Homestead act
• Signed into law by President
Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862,
the Homestead Act encouraged
Western migration by providing
settlers 160 acres of public land. In
exchange, homesteaders paid a
small filing fee and were required to
complete five years of continuous
residence before receiving
ownership of the land.
Transportation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sailboats and wagons
Steamboats and canals
Train
Cars and Planes
Urbanization
• Rise in the numbers and population density of cities
• Began during the Industrial Revolution and continued until WWII
• People went to cities to get jobs in the factories
• New immigrants and people from rural (the country) moved to cities
• Not a very nice place to be. Very polluted
Inventors
• List of important inventors in the 1800s-early 1900s.
• During the second industrial revolution, many new
inventions were created which helped change the U.S.
into a major industrial society.
•Sarah E. Goode was the first African-American woman to
be granted a patent by the U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office, for her invention of a folding cabinet bed in 1885.
Gifford Pinchot
• Gifford Pinchot (August 11, 1865 – October 4, 1946)
was an American forester and
politician. Pinchot served as the first Chief of the
United States Forest Service from 1905 until his firing
in 1910.
• Pinchot is known for reforming the management and
development of forests in the United States and for
advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves
by planned use and renewal.
• Pinchot coined the term conservation ethic as applied
to natural resources.
• Pinchot's main contribution was his leadership in
promoting scientific forestry and emphasizing the
controlled, profitable use of forests and other natural
resources so they would be of maximum benefit to
mankind.
Muckrakers
• The term muckraker was used in
the Progressive Era to characterize reformminded American journalists who wrote
largely for all popular magazines.
• They relied on their own reporting and
often worked to expose social ills and
corporate and political corruption.
• They used took on corporate monopolies
and crooked political machines while
raising public awareness of chronic urban
poverty, unsafe working conditions, and
social issues like child labor.
Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in
1905 to expose labor abuses in the
meat packing industry. But it was food,
not labor, that most concerned the
public. Sinclair's horrific descriptions of
the industry led to the passage of the
Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat
Inspection Act, not to labor legislation.
Fundamentalist Movement
• The Fundamentalist Movement emerged
following WW1 as a reaction to
modernism. Fundamentalists rejected the
modernity of the "Roaring Twenties" that
increased the impulse to break with
tradition.
• A number of conservative Americans
rejected these new ideals and attempted
to restore old morals and Protestant
religious values. As a result, they
supported a return to more traditional and
conservative values.
• They rejected ideas such as Charles
Darwin’s theory of evolution which led to
the prosecution of schoolteacher John
Scopes and the famous 'Monkey Trial' .
Works Progress Administration
• The Works Progress Administration was the
largest and most ambitious American New Deal
agency, employing millions of unemployed
people (mostly unskilled men).
• Workers carried out public
works projects, including the construction of
public buildings and roads. The WPA also
employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and
directors in large arts, drama, media, and
literacy projects.
• Almost every community in the United States
had a new park, bridge or school constructed
by the agency.
Cuban Missile Crisis
• The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962)
confrontation between the United States and the Soviet
Union concerning Soviet missiles in Cuba. Along with being televised
worldwide, it was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a
full-scale nuclear war.
• Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba's request to
place nuclear missiles in Cuba to deter future harassment of Cuba by
the U.S.
• These missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy
plane produced clear photographic evidence of missile facilities.
• The United States established a military blockade to prevent further
missiles from entering Cuba.
• It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be
delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba
be dismantled and returned to the USSR.
• After a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached
between Kennedy and Khrushchev.
• Publicly, the Soviets agreed to take missiles out of Cuba as long as the
U.S. promised never to invade Cuba without provocation. Secretly,
the U.S. also agreed to take missiles out of Turkey.
Rosa Parks
• Rosa Parks was an African American civil
rights activist.
• On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks
refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order to
give up her seat in the colored section to a white
passenger, after the white section was filled.
• Parks' act of defiance helped lead to the Montgomery
Bus Boycott which became important symbols of the
modern Civil Rights Movement.
• This eventually led to a federal ruling by the United
States Supreme Court which declared the Alabama
and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to
be unconstitutional.
• She became an international icon of resistance
to racial segregation.
Terrorism
• Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is defined as
the use of violence, or threatened use of
violence, in order to achieve a political,
religious, or ideological aim.
• In modern times, terrorism is considered a
major threat to society and therefore illegal
under anti-terrorism laws.
• A broad array of political organizations have
practiced terrorism to further their objectives.
It has been practiced by mostly right-wing and
sometimes left-wing political
parties, nationalist groups, religious
groups, revolutionaries, and ruling
governments. The symbolism of terrorism can
exploit human fear to help achieve these goals.
Westward Expansion
• The story of the United States has always been one
of westward expansion, beginning along the East
Coast and continuing, often by leaps and bounds,
until it reached the Pacific—what Theodore
Roosevelt described as "the great leap Westward.“
• The U.S. acquired territory by buying land from
other countries, through war, or political
negotiations. Eventually the U.S. would connect the
East and West coasts.
• Eventually, the acquisition of Hawaii and Alaska
continued the practices established under the
principle of Manifest Destiny.
• Manifest Destiny was the notion that Americans are
morally superior and therefore Americans are morally
obligated to spread our way of life, and the idea that the
U.S. was destined to expand from the East coast to the
West coast and beyond.
Effects of Westward Expansion
• Westward expansion the development of
• Larger cities out west
• Better transportation (i.e. connecting the east and
west coast through railroad)
• More territory to settle
• Increased populations out west
• Westward expansion caused
• Military conflicts with Native Americans over
territory
• The creation of reservations or land for Native
Americans.
• Dawes Plan- authorized the President of the United
States to survey American Indian tribal land and
divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
• Native Americans to become “Americanized” and
forced to forget their culture.
Vertical and Horizontal Integration
• Vertical Integration-A single company owns and controls the businesses that supply materials for the production of a
final product.
• Horizontal Integration-The combining of many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large monopoly
or big business.
Gentleman’s Agreements
• The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 was an informal
agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan.
• The United States of America would not impose restriction on
Japanese immigration, and Japan would not allow further immigration
to the U.S.
• The goal was to reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific
nations.
th
19
Amendment
• The Nineteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution prohibits any United
States citizen from being denied the right to
vote on the basis of gender.
• It was ratified on August 18, 1920.
Settlement houses
• In reaction to the growing problems in large cities,
movements were created to help those struggling with
poverty.
• The settlement movement was a reformist social
movement, beginning in the 1880s.
• Its main object was the establishment of "settlement
houses" in poor urban areas, in which volunteer
middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping
to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the
poverty of, their low-income neighbors.
• The "settlement houses" provided services such as
daycare, education, and healthcare to improve the lives
of the poor in these areas.
New Technology in WWI
• War has always had a tendency to accelerate innovation and invention, and
WW1 – with its bizarre clash of 19th and 20th century ideas and
technologies – was no exception. Here are 4 technological creations still
used today in combat and civilian life.
• 1. Tanks
• 2. Machine guns
• 3. Airplanes
• 4. Poison gas
Economic Boom
of the 20’s
• The 1920s saw a large
economic boom with new
technology and inventions
being created and sold.
• In order to help American
people to purchase the new
goods that were available,
installment plans or
credit were introduced. This
meant that a person could
buy something by paying for
it on a monthly basis. As a
result, the majority of
Americans could afford
expensive goods.
Cash and Carry
• Cash and carry was a policy requested
by US President Franklin Delano
Roosevelt at a special session of
the United States Congress on
September 21, 1939.
• It replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1936
which stated that the U.S. would not
provide loans or aid to countries at
war. Part of the U.S.’s attempt to stay
neutral before WWII.
• The revision allowed the sale
of material to countries fighting, as
long as the recipients arranged for the
transport using their own ships and
paid immediately in cash, assuming all
risk in transportation.
Nuremberg Trials
• The Nuremberg trials were a series
of military tribunals, held by the Allied
forces after World War II.
• These trials punished prominent members of
the political, military, and economic
leadership of Nazi Germany who planned,
carried out, or otherwise participated in The
Holocaust and other war crimes.
• The trials were held in the city
of Nuremberg, Germany.
Korean War
• The Korean War was a war
between North and South Korea. North Korea
wanted to unite Korea into one communist
country. The war arose from the division of
Korea at the end of World War II and from the
global tensions of the Cold War that developed
immediately afterwards.
• United Nations force led by the United
States fought for the South, and China fought for
the North, which was also assisted by the Soviet
Union.
• The U.S. wanted to assist South Korea as part of
their attempt to contain communism.
• The war ended with North and South Korea
staying separate countries divided at the 38th
parallel.
Little Rock 9
• The U.S. Supreme Court issued its historic Brown v.
Board of Education on May 17, 1954. It declared
all laws establishing segregated schools to
be unconstitutional, and it called for
the desegregation of all schools throughout the
nation.
• By 1957, the NAACP had registered nine black
students to attend the previously all-white Little
Rock Central High, in Little Rock, Arkansas.
The Little Rock Nine was the group of nine African
American students enrolled in Little Rock Central
High School in 1957.
• Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock
Crisis, in which the students were initially
prevented from entering the racially segregated
school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas.
• Students were even escorted
Booker T. Washington
Causes of the Civil War
• Slavery-division across the U.S. regarding the issue of whether slavery should be allowed or outlawed
• Abolitionists-persons who supported ending slavery
•
Writers like Harriet Beecher Stowe brought attention to the realities of slavery with books like Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Westward Expansion
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Missouri Compromise 1820- regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice north of the parallel 36°30.
Missouri would enter as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state.
Compromise of 1850- An agreement between the North and South dealing with the land gained from the Mexican War. North gets California as
a free state while south gets a tighter Fugitive Slave Act. New Mexico and Utah Territory is based on popular sovereignty.
Kansas Nebraska Act 1854-allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery
within their borders.
Bleeding Kansas 1854-a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery "Free-Staters" and pro-slavery
"Border Ruffian" elements in Kansas between 1854 and 1861.
• Dred Scott Decision-was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held whether enslaved or free, a slave
could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court. The federal government had no power to
regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.
• John Harper’s Ferry• Sectionalism
• The 1860 Election
• Secession
th
15
Amendment
• The 15th Amendment to the Constitution granted African American
men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition
of servitude."
Henry Flagler
• Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 – May 20,
1913) was an American industrialist and a founder
of Standard Oil. He was also a key figure in the
development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and
founder of what became the Florida East Coast
Railway. He is known as the father of
both Miami and Palm Beach, Florida.
Great White Fleet
• The Great White Fleet was the United
States Navy battle fleet that
completed a circumnavigation of the
globe from 1907, 1909, by order of
United States President Theodore
Roosevelt.
• The Great White Fleet was an
important show of America’s naval
power to the rest of the world.
Great Migration
• The Great Migration which saw
about 1.6 million African Americans
move from mostly rural areas to
northern industrial cities.
• There was an increased migration
north due to the racism and laws
that discrimination against African
Americans.
Arms Race
• The nuclear arms race was a
competition for supremacy
in nuclear warfare between the
United States, the Soviet Union,
and their respective allies during
the Cold War.
G.I. Bill of Rights
• G.I. Bill (of Rights), legislation
passed in 1944, provided benefits
to World War II veterans.
• Through the Veterans
Administration (VA), the bill
provided grants for school and
college tuition, low-interest
mortgage and small-business loans,
job training, hiring privileges, and
unemployment payments.
Emancipation Proclamation
• President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on
January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody
civil war.
• The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the
rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
• It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving
slavery untouched in the loyal border states.
• It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already
come under Northern control. Most important, the freedom it
promised depended upon Union military victory.
Social Darwinism
• Social Darwinism, the theory that persons, groups, and races are subject to
the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had observed in plants
and animals in nature.
• According to the theory, the weak were diminished and their cultures
delimited, while the strong grew in power and in cultural influence over the
weak.
• Social Darwinists held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for
existence ruled by “survival of the fittest.” In this case, the rich were the
strongest and the poor were the weakest.
Red Scare
• A "Red Scare" is the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical
leftism.
• In the United States, the First Red Scare was about worker
(socialist) revolution and political radicalism. This led to a fear of immigrants at the
time, many were suspected of being communists. This occurred in the 1920s after WWI.
• Eugene Debs-socialist and political activist targeted and arrested by the government for protesting
against the war in WWI.
• Palmer Raids-raids looking for communists in the U.S.
• Sacco and Vanzetti- Italian-born US anarchists who were convicted of murdering a guard and a
paymaster during the armed robbery. They were executed despite lack of concrete evidence that
they committed the crime.
• The Second Red Scare was focused on national and foreign communists influencing
society or infiltrating the federal government. This occurred after WWII.
• McCarthyism- the time in the U.S. during the Cold War in the 1950s when senator McCarthy
accuses government officials of being communists.
Propaganda during WWI
• During World War One, propaganda was
employed on a global scale. Unlike previous
wars, this was the first total war in which whole
nations and not just professional armies were
locked in mortal combat.
• This and subsequent modern wars required
propaganda to mobilize hatred against the
enemy; to convince the population of the
justness of the cause; to enlist the active
support and cooperation of neutral countries;
and to strengthen the support of allies.
Bank Holiday
• The Emergency Banking Act Of 1933 is
a bill passed during the administration of
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in
reaction to the financial crisis of the Great
Depression.
• The measure, which called for a four-day
Bank Holiday or mandatory shutdown of
U.S. banks for inspections before they
could be reopened, sought to create
confidence and stability in the banking
system.
• Banks were only allowed to re-open once
they were deemed financially sound.
Truman Doctrine: A Policy of Containment
• On July 12, 1948 Truman pledged to contain
Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey. No
American military force was involved;
instead Congress gave a free gift of financial
aid to support the economies and the
militaries of Greece and Turkey who were
fighting off communist rebellions.
• With the Truman Doctrine, President Harry
S. Truman established a policy of
containment (the U.S. would stop the
spread of communism by providing political,
military and economic assistance to all
democratic nations under threat from
communist forces.
Gettysburg Address
• The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S.
President Abraham Lincoln, one of the bestknown in American history. It was delivered by
Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the
afternoon of Thursday, November 19,
1863, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
• Abraham Lincoln's carefully crafted address
restated the principles of human equality
included in the Declaration of
Independence and proclaimed the Civil War as
a struggle for the preservation of the Union.
• The Civil War was now more than a war to
bring the U.S. back together, it was a war for
creating equality for all in the nation.
Labor Unions
• Labor unions formed as a result of the negative effects the growth of industry in the
late 19th and early 20th had on workers. Workers of all ages, genders, nationalities,
etc., often worked in unsafe conditions for very long hours and very low pay.
• Unsafe conditions led to workers being physically hurt, and in some instances, even
killed. Eventually, workers began to unite together in order to achieve workplace
reforms.
• Used boycotts, strikes, and collective bargaining (a process of negotiation between
employees and a group of employers aimed at agreements to regulate working
salaries) to accomplish goals.
• Famous early unions:
•
•
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National Labor Union-campaigned for an 8-hour day, higher wages, recognition of women
workers
Knights of Labor-demanded equal pay for women, end to child labor; declined as a result of
growing concerns nationally over labor violence.
American Federation of Labor-created for skilled labor; Samuel Gompers led an effort for
higher pay, shorter hours, safer work conditions
• Famous Strikes
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Homestead Strike
Pullman Strike
Haymarket Affair
• Successes: Labor Unions leads to higher wages, lower working hours
• Setbacks: U.S. government tended to support businesses when labor unions became
violent with strikes and made many not trust labor unions
Spanish-American War
•Consequences
•U.S. becomes an imperialist power.
American sympathy towards Cuban fight for
freedom against Spanish rule.
•Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines become
De Lome Letter-chance to get Spain out of the colonies of the U.S.
Western hemisphere
•Platt Amendment-Cuba gains independence but
Economic interests-protect American business becomes a U.S. protectorate. It allowed the U.S.
in Cuba
"the right to intervene for the preservation of
Yellow Journalism-American press exaggerated
news stories about Spain to encourage the U.S. Cuban independence, the maintenance of a
government adequate for the protection of life,
to go to war with Spain.
property, and individual liberty...“
The de Lome Letter-letter written by Spanish
minister criticizing contempt for President
•This changed the Teller Amendment which
McKinley
promised that the U.S. would proclaimed that
Spark-sinking of the U.S.S. Maine causes
the United States would not establish
outrage in the U.S. and leads to the U.S.
permanent control over Cuba.
declaring war on Spain
• Causes
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WWI Treaty of Versailles
•
• American imperialism is the
economic, military and cultural
influence of the United States on
other countries. Such influence often
goes hand in hand with expansion
into foreign territories.
U.S. Imperialism
Women in WWII
• During World War II, some 350,000
women served in the U.S. Armed
Forces, both at home and abroad.
They included the Women’s
Airforce Service Pilots.
• Meanwhile, widespread male
enlistment left gaping holes in the
industrial labor force. Between
1940 and 1945, the female
percentage of the U.S. workforce
increased from 27 percent to nearly
37 percent.
March on Washington (1941) and Fair
Employment Act
• A. Philip Randolph first planned a March on
Washington in 1941 to protest against
governmental hiring practices that excluded
African-Americans from federal employment
and federal contracts.
• Randolph proposed that African-Americans
march on Washington to demand jobs and
freedom.
• President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed
Executive Order 8802, also called the Fair
Employment Act, on June 25, 1941. The
order prohibited racial discrimination by all
federal agencies, unions, and companies
engaged in war-related work.
March on Washington-1963
• The March on Washington of 1963 was one of
the largest political rallies for human rights in
United States history and demanded civil and
economic rights for African Americans.
• Thousands of Americans headed to Washington,
and on Wednesday, August 28, 1963, Martin
Luther King, Jr delivered his historic "I Have a
Dream" speech in which he called for an end to
racism.
• Led shortly after to the passage of the Civil Rights
Act.
Keeping the Peace after WW1
• Washington Navel Treaty- conference called by the United States to limit the
naval arms race and to work out security agreements in the Pacific. Held in
Washington, D.C., the conference resulted in the drafting and signing of several
major and minor treaty agreements.
• Four Power Treaty-was a treaty signed by the United States, Great
Britain, France and Japan at the Washington Naval Conference on 13 December
1921. All parties agreed to maintain the status quo in the Pacific, by respecting
the Pacific holdings of the other countries signing the agreement.
• Kellogg Briand Pact- was an agreement to outlaw war signed on August 27, 1928.
The pact was one of many international efforts to prevent another World War,
but there was no way to enforce the law.
V-J Day
• On August 15, 1945, news of the surrender
was announced to the world. This sparked
spontaneous celebrations over the final
ending of World War II.
• On September 2, 1945, a formal surrender
ceremony was held in Tokyo Bay aboard
the USS Missouri. Coming several months
after the surrender of Nazi Germany,
Japan’s surrender in the Pacific brought six
years of hostilities to a final and highly
anticipated close.
Genocide Convention
• The Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (CPPCG) was adopted by
the United Nations on 9 December
1948.
• It defines genocide in legal terms, and
outlines that all participating countries
are required to prevent and punish
actions of genocide, whether carried
out in war or in peacetime.
Native American boarding schools
• The goal of these reformers was to use
education as a tool to “assimilate” Indian tribes
into the mainstream of the “American way of
life.” The reformers assumed that it was
necessary to “civilize” Indian people and make
them accept white men’s beliefs and value
systems.
• The first priority of the boarding schools would
be to provide the rudiments of academic
education: reading, writing and speaking of the
English language.
• The principles of democratic society,
institutions and the political structure would
give the students citizenship training. The end
goal was to eradicate all symbols of Indian
culture.
Treaty of Portsmouth
• The Treaty of Portsmouth formally
ended the Russo-Japanese War of
1904–05. The negotiations took place in
August in Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
and were brokered in part by U.S.
President Theodore Roosevelt.
• This event showed the U.S.’s growing
power as an imperial or world power in
the early 1900s. Part of President
Roosevelt’s attempt to make the U.S. a
major player in global affairs.
• The final agreement was signed in
September of 1905, and it affirmed the
Japanese presence in south Manchuria
and Korea and ceded the southern half
of the island of Sakhalin to Japan.
Freedom Summer
• In 1964, civil rights organizations including the
Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) and Student
Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
organized a voter registration drive, known as
the Freedom Summer, aimed at dramatically
increasing voter registration in Mississippi.
• The Freedom Summer volunteers faced constant
abuse and harassment from Mississippi’s white
population.
• The Ku Klux Klan, police and even state and
local authorities carried out a systematic series
of violent attacks; including arson, beatings,
false arrest and the murder of at least three civil
rights activists.