Transcript THE RED SCARE x

The Red Scare
Chapter 22
Lesson 3 & 4
• The first Red Scare
occurred shortly after the
end of World War I. The
nation faced social and
economic upheaval as
soldiers returned from battle
to a changed American
society.
• The scare targeted
immigrants, radicals, and
labor leaders. The U.S.
government deported many
people believed to be
anarchists or other radicals.
• No evidence was found to
support most of the
accusations made during the
first Red Scare. However,
the influence of leftist
movements such as
socialism and labor declined
as a result of the scare.
The First Red Scare
• The New Scare
• In 1945 a defecting Russian
presented evidence of Soviet
espionage in the United States
and Canada to acquire plans
for the atomic bomb.
• Truman Loyalty Review
Program
• President Truman began
screening federal employees in
1947 to determine if they were
loyal to the United States. Of
the roughly 14,000 people
investigated, about 2,000 quit
and an additional 212 were
fired.
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HUAC
• FBI director J. Edgar Hoover
urged the House Un-American
Activities Committee, or HUAC,
to step up investigations of
suspected Communists and
Communist sympathizers.
Trials and Accusations
• HUAC held many high-profile
trials. It investigated suspected
Communists in Hollywood,
leading to an infamous blacklist.
The trial of diplomat Alger Hiss
resulted in a conviction for perjury.
The controversial trial of Julius
and Ethel Rosenberg( members of
the Communist party) led to their
executions for espionage. The
Rosenbergs denied the charges, but
the evidence of Project Venona
indicated that they probably had
been spies for the Soviet Union.
The Second Red Scare
McCarran Act
• Made it illegal to set up a
totalitarian government
in the United States.
• Prevented Communists
from having passports
and allowed them to be
arrested and detained.
• Truman vetoed the bill,
Congress overrode his
veto and it became law.
McCarthyism
Senator Joseph
McCarthy
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Little-known senator from Wisconsin
made allegations that Communists had
infiltrated the State Department
Accused prominent people of
Communist leanings.
Made vague accusations based on little
or no evidence.
Made headlines and intimidated
witnesses, but some accused him of
conducting witch hunts rather than
investigations.
Army lawyer Joseph Welch confronted
McCarthy over his tactics, asking,
“Have you no sense of decency, sir?”
The Senate later censured (formally
disapproved) McCarthy, and his
influence waned.
• "Duck and Cover" In 1953 the
Soviets successfully tested a
hydrogen bomb. Americans
became even more concerned
about the possibility of a nuclear
attack. Schoolchildren learned to
"duck and cover" to protect
themselves in the event of an
attack.
• Popular Culture The Cold War
became part of movies, televisions
shows, books, and music. Titles
and themes reflected the fears and
issues of the day.
Life During the Early Cold
War
• built due to fear of
poisoning and radiation
from nuclear fallout.
• designed to help people
survive the explosion
and prevent exposure to
the radiation that would
linger after a nuclear
exchange.
• Stocked with
• canned goods
• bottled water other
necessities
• books & board games
• portable radio
Fallout Shelters
• for news bulletins
announcing that the
deadly radiation was "all
clear" and it was safe to
venture outside again.
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The Russian Revolution
• In 1917 people of the Russian
Empire overthrew Czar Nicholas II
and formed a weak provisional
democratic government.
• November of that year, a second
revolution, led by the Bolshevik
Party of Vladimir Lenin,
established a Communist state.
Rise of Stalin
• Lenin died in 1924.
• Joseph Stalin became new dictator
of the Soviet Union.
• Immediately began a campaign of
terror against his own people that
would last for the next 29 years
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Rise and Spread
of Communism
Iron Curtain
• In May 1945, after the death of
Adolf Hitler, Stalin’s USSR
imposed Communist rule across
Eastern Europe. As Churchill
famously stated, “An Iron
Curtain has descended across the
continent.”
Warsaw Pact
• 1955 response to the creation of
the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• Soviet Union & eight Communist
puppet regimes signed the Treaty
of Friendship, Cooperation and
Mutual Assistance. This alliance
became known as the Warsaw
Pact.
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• Eisenhower’s Policies
• After his election in 1952,
Eisenhower sought to balance
military and economic strength
to guard against Cold War
threats.
• Massive Retaliation
• Eisenhower believed that nuclear
weapons offer the most “bang
for the buck.” He developed a
policy of threatening to use
nuclear weapons to prevent war.
This policy was known as
massive retaliation.
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Brinkmanship
• Critics complained that
Eisenhower’s policy brought the
nation too close to war and was
dangerous. They called it
brinkmanship because it showed
the country’s willingness to go to
the brink of war.
Eisenhower threatens war
• With China when they began
shelling democratic Taiwan.
• With Egypt when they seized
control of the Suez Canal.
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The situation intensified when Britain and
France invaded Egypt. Ultimately, war
was prevented, but the Soviets gained
influence in the Middle East.
U.S. Foreign Policy Under
Eisenhower
• Importance of the CIA
• Eisenhower also relied on covert operations conducted by the CIA to
deter communism. These typically took place in developing nations, and
sometimes involved the overthrow of anti-American leaders.
• Iran and Guatemala
• The CIA helped force Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh out
of power in 1953. The next year, it trained and armed forces that opposed
Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán. These forces invaded
Guatemala, and Arbenz Guzmán left office.
• Eastern Europe
• In 1956, the CIA encouraged dissent among Communist Eastern
European nations by distributing copies of a secret letter by Soviet leader
Nikita Khrushchev. As a result, an uprising began in Hungary that was
crushed by Soviet forces.
Covert Operations
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• Due to increasing Egyptian and Arab ties to the Soviet Union the
Truman Doctrine and the policy of containment were extended.
• Sputnik
• The Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite in 1957, which
Soviets saw as proof of their superiority.
• A Failed Summit
• Eisenhower and Khrushchev planned to hold a summit in Paris in
1960. However, the Soviets shot down a U.S. spy plane over the
Soviet Union shortly before the scheduled summit, and
Khrushchev cancelled the meeting.
Covert Operations (con’t)