Transcript File - Mr Addington

PERIOD 4:
1800-1848
CHAPTERS 11-14
THE UNITED STATES STRUGGLED
TO DEFINE AND EXTEND
DEMOGRAPHIC IDEALS IN THE FACE
OF RAPID, ECONOMIC,
TERRITORIAL, AND DEMOGRAPHIC
CHANGES
POLITICAL PARTIES
OF 1800
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Leaders
John Adams
Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
View of the
Constitution
Interpret loosely
Create strong central
government
Interpret strictly
Create weak central
government
Foreign Policy
Pro-British
Pro-French
Economic
Policy
Aid Business
Create a national bank
Support high tariffs
Favor Agriculture
Oppose a national bank
Oppose tariffs
Chief
Supporters
Northern business
owners
Large Landowners
Skilled workers
Small farmers
Plantation owners
Total Number of Electors
13
8
Total Electoral Votes Cast
27
6
Number of Votes for a Majority
70
ELECTION OF 1800
“REVOLUTION OF 1800”
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia
DemocraticRepublican
73
52.9%
Aaron Burr
New York
DemocraticRepublican
73
52.9%
John Adams
Massachusetts
Federalist
65
47.1%
Charles Pinckney
South Carolina
Federalist
64
46.4%
John Jay
New York
Federalist
1
0.7%
Twelfth Amendment,
ratified in 1804, was added
to the United States
Constitution, stipulating
that electors make a
discrete choice between
their selections for
president and vicepresident
REVOLUTION OF 1800
Federalists had controlled the office of the presidency for the first 3
terms.
Jefferson's Federalist opponents called him an "atheist in religion, and a
fanatic in politics.“
Jefferson's supporters responded by charging that President Adams was a
monarchist who longed to reunite Britain with its former colonies.
Americans made the determination to try something new
Significance: major philosophical shift in the role of government BUT
YET a peaceful transition of power…no shots fired.
FIRST INAUGURAL
ADDRESS
“Let us then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and
one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that
harmony and affection without which liberty and even
life itself are but dreary things…But every difference of
opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called
by different names brethren of the same principle. We
are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.
Read First Inaugural: look for – commitments,
promises, goals, etc. We will measure his success at
the end of lecture:
FIRST INAUGURAL
ADDRESS
Essential Principles of
Government
• “equal and exact justice to all men”
• “peace, commerce, and honest
friendship with all nations”
• “the support of state governments”
• “the preservation of general
government”
• punishment for those who choose to
revolt
• compliance with the decisions of the
majority
FIRST INAUGURAL
ADDRESS
Essential Principles of Government
Cont…
• “a well disciplined militia”
• honest payment of debts
• maintaining a sound economy
• proper distribution of information
• freedom of religion
• freedom of the press
How practical
is a nation
of thisJefferson’s
nature? Essential Principles Sound?
does a country
following
JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCY
• Louisiana Purchase - 1803 (huge internal conflict for Jefferson as the
constitution did not explicitly state that the president had the power
to acquire new lands)
• The United States paid $15 million for the land, roughly 4 cents per
acre
• New England threatened secession over the issue
• Corps of Discovery (Lewis, Clark, Sacajawea)
• War with the Barbary Pirates – 1804
• Unlike Washington and Adams before him, Jefferson refuses to pay
tribute to prates, creates the US navy, and sends them to the middle
east to protect American shipping
• Embargo Act of 1807 – ban on all exported good from US
• Cause: European conflict between F and GB – seizing US ships on
their way to each’s opponent
• Effect: Major crash in US economy – one literally built on exports
BURR V HAMILTON
• Duel (1804) When two gentleman cannot settle an argument and ones
honor is in question they use Pistols to settle it.
• The initial rift comes when Hamilton backs Jefferson in 1800,
• Hamilton Supported Burr’s Opponent in the New York Governors race
of 1804.
• Burr Challenges Hamilton and Kills him.
• Hamilton never fires a shot.
MAJOR ISSUES IN AMERICAN HISTORY…
WHAT DO THEY HAVE IN COMMON?
DEATH PENALTY
ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
RIGHT TO ABORTION
DESEGRATION OF SCHOOLS
FEDERALLY MANDATED HEALTH CARE
ELECTION THE 43RD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
MARRIAGE RIGHTS FOR ALL AMERICANS
All decided by the Supreme Court
of the United States
GROWING ROLE OF
SUPREME COURT
The authority of the Supreme Court was
still very vague
In the first years of the Supreme Court
(under justices John Jay and 2 others)
between 1789 – 1801) dealt mostly with
logistics of new legal system and the new
system of government under the
Constitution.
Only notable early decision led to the
ratification of the 11th Amendment, which
actually limited the power of the Supreme
Court
Until the LANDMARK and arguably most
important Supreme Court Case in
HISTORY, Marbury vs. Madison
First court met in Independence Hall
Current location in DC not constructed
until 1930s – still no audio/video
recording allowed in court room
THE MIDNIGHT
APPOINTMENT
• John Adams appoints 58
officials.
• William Marbury sued
James Madison and asked
for a writ of mandamus.
• Sec of State, John Marshall,
was to deliver the
• Marbury argued that he
commissions.
was entitled to his
commission & that the
• He failed to deliver 17 of
Judiciary Act of 1789 gave
them to the respective
the Supreme Court of the
appointees.
United States original
• James Madison,
jurisdiction to issue a writ
Jefferson’s Sec of State,
of mandamus.
refused to deliver the
• Madison disagreed.
commissions.
INFLUENCE OF JOHN
MARSHALL
•
Former leader of the Federalist party in VA
•
• What will this tell us about his future decisions?
Cousins of Thomas Jefferson (founder of the
Democratic-Republicans)
•
Former member of the House of Representatives
(VA) and served as Secretary of State for John
Adams
•
To date, longest serving Chief Justice (4th longest
overall)
•
Credited with establishing the Judicial Branch as
a legitimate, powerful, and equal branch of the US
government
•
His role in interpreting the Constitution while the
government was still in its infancy shaped the
American government, power of the states, and
politics today
By establishing
Judicial Review,
Marshall set
precedent that the
Supreme Court
would be the final
decision in the
interpretation of
the Constitution
and could/would
overrule the other
2 branches at
times
OTHER MAJOR MARSHALL
COURT DECISIONS
•
Treason trial of Aaron Burr (Burr acquitted)
•
• Shot and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel
McCulloch vs. Maryland
•
•
Legalized authority of the NATIONAL government over state governments;
allowed US to charter Second Bank of US even though not listed as a
Constitutional power
Gibbons vs. Ogden
•
•
Cemented national control over interstate commerce regarding steamships
in NY and NJ; cited a national law that conflicted with a NY state law, and
deemed national law winner
Johnson vs. M’Intosh
•
• Only national government could buy Native American land, not individuals
Worchester vs. Georgia
•
• More on this later (see Jackson/Indians)
Barron vs. Baltimore
•
Bill of Rights only applies to national government (states don’t have to
follow it – which emboldened government of the states)
THE SPLENDID MISERY
Consistently Inconsistent
De jure vs De facto
The Scholarly Philosophical Private Citizen vs
The Harassed Public Official
Bookish Theories vs Noisy Political Arena
Jefferson has quotes that can refute one another
CRASHCOURSE - JEFFERSON
Period 4
Madison & Monroe
Madison, The Election of 1808, and
the War of 1812
Election of 1808
Popular vote(a), (b)
Presidential
candidate
Party
Home state
James
Madison
DemocraticRepublican
Virginia
Charles
Cotesworth
Pinckney
Federalist
South
Carolina
George
Clinton
DemocraticRepublican
James
Monroe
DemocraticRepublican
Virginia
(none)
(n/a)
(unpledged
electors)
Total
Needed to win
Count
Running mate
Electoral
vote(c)
Pct
124,732
64.7%
62,431
New York
122
32.4%
—
Vicepresidential Home state Elect. vote(c)
candidate
George
Clinton
New York
John
Langdon
New
Hampshire
9
New York
47
47 Rufus King
—
6
113
James
Madison
Virginia
3
James
Monroe
Virginia
3
4,848
2.5%
0 (none)
(n/a)
0
680
0.4%
0 (n/a)
(n/a)
0
192,691
100%
175
175
88
88
Election of 1808
• The faithless electors who voted for George Clinton for
President were all from New York.
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
• Madison repeals Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807
• In a bid to end economic slump – allowed America
to trade with any and all nations EXCEPT France
and/or Great Britain
• Napoleon hears this and is upset, so Madison
passed a bill already in the works:
• Macon’S Bill No. 2 which restored trade with
France…so now it was just a no-trade issue with
Britain.
– Napoleon didn’t keep his end of the bargain and
continued to seize American ships
Continued Clash between whites and
Natives in the frontier
• 1800-1812 saw various viewpoints by
different Native Americans as they faced
the realization of a permanent loss of
power to whites
• Leading up to 1800, more and more
natives began to accept assimilation. By
1800, some native chiefs began to call out
AGAINST assimilation and call for a
revitalization of Native American life.
• Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and
Tenskwatawa called for a complete
separation from whites and resistance of
US federal policies. Said whites were the
source of all evil in the world Tecumseh
called for attacks on white settlements –
while Tecumseh is away, William Henry
Harrison leads US troops to destroy
Prophetstown in the Battle of
Tippecanoe.
• Honor (2nd War of Independence)
• US Sailors Impressed
Reasons
– Impressment: the act of forcing
people to serve in the military or
navy.
for War
• American Expansionism
– Annexation of Canada?
• War Hawks: a member of Congress
who advocated going to war
– John Calhoun (SC) Henry Clay (KY)
• British Aiding Native Americans
– The British saw the Indian nations
as valuable allies and a buffer to its
Canadian colonies and provided
arms.
Clay and Calhoun
These guys are around in
our story for a long, long
time to come. Get to
know them.
Madison Request a D.O.W.
• “Thousands of American
citizens, under the safeguard of
public law and of their national
flag, have been torn from . . .
Everything dear to them; have
been dragged on board ships of
a foreign nation to be exiled to
the most distant and deadly
climes to risk their lives in
battles of their oppressors.”
– June 1812
A Declaration of War
• After Madison's message, the
House of Representatives
deliberated for four days behind
closed doors before voting 79 to
49, and the Senate agreed by 19
to 13.
• This was the first time that the
United States had declared war
on another nation, and the
Congressional vote would prove
to be the closest vote to formally
declare war in American history.
Invasion of Canada
• British military
experience
prevailed over
inexperienced
American
commanders.
Burning of Washington
• August 24, 1814, after defeating
the Americans at the Battle of
Bladensburg, a British force s
occupied Washington, D.C. and
set fire to many public buildings.
– The facilities of the U.S.
government, including the White
House and U.S. Capitol, were
largely destroyed.
– British commander's orders to burn
only public buildings and strict
discipline among the British troops
are credited with preserving the
city's private buildings.
• Proved to be easy with the influx
of men following the exile of
Napoleon also in 1814.
Eyewitness Accounts
• Read the following two accounts of
the Burning of DC
– Evidence For / Against Chart
“The Burning of Washington was
a pivotal moment in the war of 1812”
• Quick write (3-5) Minutes
– Do you feel the events described in the
reading are more important symbolically
or practically? Why?
Battle of Fort McHenry (Baltimore)
• September 1814
• Star – Spangled Banner, F. Scott Key
Hartford Convention
• Just before war ended, some NE
states were grumbling
about/threatening secession.
• A secret meeting of Federalist
delegates from CT, RI, MA, NH, and
VT, at Hartford, Conn., inspired by
Federalist opposition to President
James Madison.
– (Dec. 15, 1814–Jan. 5, 1815),
• Stronger trade relations with GB,
end of 3/5 compromise, opposition
to the war, and secession.
• The signing of the Treaty of Ghent
and the meetings secrecy
discredited the convention and its
work.
– Its unpopularity was a factor in the
demise of the Federalist Party.
• News of Ghent and New Orleans
made the Federalists start to look
unpatriotic and continued to
weaken their party (which dies
soon)
Treaty of Ghent
•
•
Peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
– Signed on December 24th, 1814, in Ghent (modern-day Belgium),
The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum,
with no loss of territory either way.
– The term status quo ante bellum is Latin, meaning literally "the state in which
things were before the war".
Battle of New Orleans
• The final major battle of
the War of 1812.
– Took place on January 8,
1815
• American forces,
commanded by Major
General Andrew Jackson,
defeated an invading British
Army intent on seizing New
Orleans and the vast
territory the United States
had acquired with the
Louisiana Purchase.
Battle of New Orleans
• Hostilities continued until late February when official
dispatches announcing the peace reached the combatants in
Louisiana, finally putting an end to the war.
– The British, a trained army are virtually mauled by American
forces hiding behind earthworks and cannons
• The Battle of New Orleans is widely regarded as the greatest
American land victory of the war.
– Jackson is considered a war hero and is given credit for winning
the war.
Outcomes of the War
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Nationalism – desire to look west and never back East toward
Europe
Proved strength of America/gained respect for winning 2 wars
against British
Accepted borders between US and Canada
Forced Americans to manufacture their own goods.
Americans built factories/business remain after opening to be
self sufficient
Justified Neutrality
Andrew Jackson= War Hero also William Henry Harrison
Federalist Party Weakened/ended after news of secession
talks leak
Without British support, Native Americans had to give up land
to Americans for settlement
CrashCourse US
James Monroe
The most “friended” president in history…
The Politics of Nation Building After
the War of 1812
• Politics a one-party system after 1812
• Interest groups no longer take differences into
the political arena
• Federal executive, legislature largely irrelevant
to domestic economy
• Supreme Court exerts influence on economy
by deciding crucial cases
The Republicans in Power
• Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures
after War of 1812
–
–
–
1815: establish high tariffs
1816: charter a national bank
federal aid for internal improvements
• Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter
–
–
Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts
Efforts provoke sectional conflict
Monroe’s Resume
• Served with Washington at Trenton
• Governor of Virginia
• Member of Articles of Confederation
Congress
• Minister to England, France, and
Spain
• Secretary of State and War
The last American President of the "Virginia Dynasty"—of the first five
men who held that position, four hailed from Virginia.
The Era of Good Feeling
• Historians refer to it
now with irony or
– Monroe downplayed partisan
skepticism.
affiliation with the ultimate goal of
national unity and eliminating
• The era was one with
parties altogether from national
a divisive political
politics.
atmosphere and
– End of the Federalists…
growing factions
within Monroe’s
administration and
the republican party.
• National Sense of Purpose
• “Sale of Florida”
Term #1
– John Q Adams (Sec of State)
• Did Jackson’s actions create difficulties for
Monroe’s administration?
• Did Adams approve or disapprove of
Jackson’s actions? Why?
• Does it appear that Jackson’s actions helped
or hindered Adams in his negotiations with
Spain?
• Did Adams have to worry about domestic
politics when implementing his foreign
policy? Explain.
• Seminole Wars
– Gave Jackson the lead
• Panic of 1819
– Chose to do little…
Missouri: The Issues
• 1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave state
• Northerners believe South over-represented in
House of Representatives
• House rejects unless slavery abolished
• South wishes to preserve balance between slave
states and free states
Oh yeah, there is another election!
PS: He Ran Unopposed
United States in 1820
• How should it be resolved?
• Using the website on the board…
• Complete the associated worksheets
United States in 1820
The Compromise of 1820
• Henry Clay convinced Congress to agree to
the Missouri Compromise, which settled
the conflict that had arisen from
Missouri’s application for statehood. This
compromise had three main conditions:
1. Missouri
would enter the Union
as a slave state.
2. Maine would join the Union as
a free state, keeping the
number of slave and free states
equal.
3.Slavery would be prohibited in
any new territories or states
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Missouri Compromise
SEC. 8. And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded
by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana,
which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes
north latitude, not included within the limits of the state,
contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary
servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof
the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is
hereby, forever prohibited: Provided always, That any
person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service is
lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States,
such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the
person claiming his or her labour or service as aforesaid.
Source: The National Archives and Records Administration http://www.ourdocuments.gov
Slave and Free Areas after the
Missouri Compromise, 1820
What do you think of the compromise? Fair? Just? Why?
Thomas Jefferson’s Opinion
“..the Missouri question aroused and filled
me with alarm…I have been among the
most sanguine in believing that our Union
would be of long duration. I now doubt it
much.”
letter to William Short, April 11, 1820
“…like a fire bell in the night, awakened
and filled me with terror. I considered it at
once as the knell of the Union.”
letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820
The Monroe Doctrine
• Established by John Q Adams foreign policy guided by:
– Nationalism, the belief that national interests should be placed ahead of
regional concerns or the interests of other countries.
– Protecting the new republics of Latin America was in our national interest.
• The US will not permit the following acts
by foreign powers:
– Interfering with affairs in the Western Hemisphere
– Attempts to create new colonies in the Western
Hemisphere
– Any move to overthrow newly independent
republics
And will consider these acts
“Dangerous to our peace and safety.”