Transcript A Sketch of American History

UNIT 3
American Culture
Unit Three
A Sketch of American
History
TIANJIN FOREIGN STUDIES UNIVERSITY
A Sketch of American History
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A Sketch of American History
The two world wars in the first half
of the 20th century and the Cold
War that ended at the close of it all
exhibited the enormous national
strength of the United States.
As the world enters the 21st century,
America still occupies a
predominant position in the
international affairs.
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A Sketch of American History
However, just over two hundred
years ago, the United States was
still a rather weak colony under the
mighty British Empire.
This chapter will trace the historical
growth of the United States and
examine how the country has
developed into its present stage
within such a short period of time.
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I. Discovery and English Settlement (1492-1607
A. Reasons for the invasion of America
1
Passions—
greed, dreams
of secular and
spiritual
empire, the
competition for
national
prestige and
power
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3
Superior
technology—
true ships,
navigational
aids, written
communication,
explosives
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Luxury items—
spices,
perfumes, silk
and chinaware
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I. Discovery and English Settlement (14921607)
B. Early explorers
1
Christopher
Columbus
(1492)
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2
3
Ferdinand
Magellan
(1519-1522)
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Vasco da
Gama
(1498)
4
Amerigo
Vespucci
(14511512)
after whom
American
continent
was named
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I. Discovery and English Settlement (14921607)
C. English ventures to North America
1
2
Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1578)
John Cabot
(1497)
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He was granted a patent by
Elizabeth I to colonize North
America, which provided
that all colonists were to
enjoy the same rights and
privileges as English
citizens at home.
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1733, English
II. The Colonial Era (1607-1776) By
settlers had occupied
13 colonies along the
Atlantic coast, from
New Hampshire in the
north to Georgia in
the south.
A. Early settlements
1
Jamestown,
Virginia (1607)
1612 tobacco
1616 private
property
1619 the House
of Burgesses
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2
3
New England
Puritans
Mayflower (1620)
Southern
colonies:
plantations
worked by blacks
under the system
of slavery
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Boston Tea Party
The Intolerable Acts
The First Continental
B. Conflicts between Britain and the colonies Congress—the colonial
leaders urged
Americans to disobey
the Intolerable Acts and
to boycott British trade.
II. The Colonial Era (1607-1776)
1
Wars between
Britain and
France
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3
British policies
on the colonies
the Quartering
Act; the Stamp
Act
Resistance from
the colonies
“No taxation
without
representation”
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III. The American Revolution (1775-1783)
The second
Continental
Congress—to
assume the function
of a national
government
Lexington (April 19, 1775)
1
5
The Treaty of Paris
(1783)
2
The British
government
recognized the
independence of the
4
United States and
granted the new
3
The Declaration nation all the territory
of Independence north of Florida,
Thomas Paine: Common Sense, (July 4, 1776)
south of Canada and
Thomas
saying that an island should not
east of the
Jefferson
govern a country.
Mississippi River.
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IV. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights
A. The Articles of Confederation (1781)—
a constitution set up by a very weak
central government
B. The Constitution of the United States
of America (1787)
1. A stronger central government
2. The principle of a “balance of power”
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IV. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights
C. The Bill of Rights (1791)—ten
amendments added to the constitution,
which guaranteed the liberties of people
The Constitution and the Bill of Rights
struck a balance between two conflicting
but fundamental aspects of American
politics—the need for a strong, efficient
central authority and the need to ensure
individual liberties.
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V. Nation Building
V. Nation Building
•E. The War of 1812
•F. Rapid economic
•A. George Washington
•B. Political parties—the
Federalists and the
Democratic Republicans
(Hamilton and Jefferson)
•C. John Adams: the Alien
and Sedition Acts—
permitted the deportation or
arrest of “dangerous” aliens
•D. Thomas Jefferson:
Louisiana Purchase
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expansion
•G. Andrew Jackson-the first
president born into a poor
family and born in the West
•H. Growing tensions and
injustices
• Slavery became the
distinctive badge that
demarcated two rival regions.
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VI. The Sectional Conflict and the Civil War
A. The pre-war period (1848-1860)
6. The formation of the
Confederate States of
1. A massive demand for raw cotton America—South
Carolina, Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana,
Texas, Virginia,
Arkansas, Tennessee
and North Carolina
The
2. The new
pre-war
territorial
gains in the
5. The election
West
of 1860
3. Anti-slavery sentiment
free blacks of the North;
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
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4. Slavery—the central point of
contention
the status of Dred Scott; John
Brown
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VI. The Sectional Conflict and the Civil War
B. The Civil War (1861-1865)
1. Fort Sumter,
Charleston
(April 12, 1861)
2. Lincoln’s first
priority
the
Emancipation
Proclamation
(Jan. 1, 1863)
4. Enormous
loss of human
life and huge
material
destruction
The
Civil War
3. The end of the
Civil War and the
assassination of
Abraham Lincoln
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B. The Civil War (1861-1865)
The Civil War resolved two
fundamental questions that had
divided the United States since 1776.
It put an end to slavery, which was
completely abolished by the 13th
Amendment to the Constitution in
1865.
 It also decided, once for all, that
America was not a collection of semiindependent states, but a single
indivisible nation.
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VII. Reconstruction (1865-1877)
A. The status of the rebellious territories
1. “Black codes” to restrict the freedom of the
former slaves
2. Ku Klux Klan
3. White Democrats
4. The end of Reconstruction—new
constitutions ratified and federal troops
withdrawn
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VII. Reconstruction (1865-1877)
B. Southern blacks—second-class
citizens
1. A system of segregation and oppression
of blacks
2. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
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VIII. Industrialization and Overseas Expansion
Industrialization and
Overseas Expansion
•B. The world’s most
•A. Industrial growth
•1. The world’s leading
powerful country (the end of
the 19th century)
• Outward expansion for more
materials and markets
•1. The imperial war with
Spain (1898)
•2. The Panama Canal
industrial power
•2. The expansion of
railroads
•3. Giant cartels and
monopolies
• the Sherman Antitrust
Act
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IX. The Progressive Movement and WWI
A.
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The Progressive Movement
1. From laissez-faire to Progressivism
2. Social reformers (Progressives) and
muckrakers
3. Theodore Roosevelt—strengthened
federal regulation of railroads, enforced
the Sherman Antitrust Act and promoted
conservation
4. Woodrow Wilson—enacted a
personal income tax, toughened
antitrust laws, created the Federal Trade
Commission and the Federal Reserve
Act
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IX. The Progressive Movement and WWI
5.
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B. World War I
1. From neutrality to involvement (the
sinking of Lusitania)
2. The Fourteen Points
3. The Versailles Treaty
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X. The 1920s and the Great Depression
The 1920s and the Great
Depression
•A. Domestic situation after
1920
•1. Withdrawal from
European affairs
•2.Suspicion and hostility
toward foreigners
•3. Conflict over changing
moral codes
• Women’s right to vote;
the age of Prohibition
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•B. Golden years of
prosperity
•1. Good economic condition:
1923-1928
• Henry Ford
•2. Fatal flaws
• Farmers; industrial
workers; speculation
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XI. The Great Depression and the New Deal
Rise of unemployment rate
Franklin D.
Roosevelt— “The
only thing we have
to fear is fear itself”
A
E
B
Laws to aid the recovery of
economy
the Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC)
the Federal Emergency Relief C
Administration (FERA)
the Agricultural Adjustment
Administration (AAA)
the Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA)
the National Recovery
Administration (NRA)
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D
Two acts in 1935:
the Social
Security Act and
the Wagner Labor
Relations Act
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The fireside chats
The New Deal did
two things—restored
the confidence of the
middle class and
pumped a lot of
dollars into the
economy.
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XII. World War II
Economy rebounded
Decentralized control—
a local matter
A
E
Superpower
B
D
C
Pearl Harbor
The Lend-Lease Act—decisively
breached the non-interventionist
principle
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XIII. The Cold War
A. American foreign policy after
1945—anti-communist
B. NATO and Warsaw Pact
C. Involvement in Korean War and
Vietnam War
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XIV. Prosperity and the Civil Rights Movements
Economic growth from 1945-1970
A.
B.
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Moving in the direction of racial
justice
1. Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, Kansas (1954)
2. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
3. The Voting Rights Act of 1965
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XIV. Prosperity and the Civil Rights Movements
C.
End of discrimination in
immigration
Change of women’s status
D.
E.
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Explosive growth in the
communications media
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XV. America at the end of the 20th century
A. Troubles
for the last
quarter of
the 20th
century
B. Reagan
Administration
1. Internationally: militant
anticommunist forces
2. Domestically: greater
hostility to government
intervention and social
welfare; more sympathy for
the concerns of the
religious right; deeper
commitment to the defense
and aerospace industries;
massive build-up of
American forces
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C. A period
of
fundamenta
l change
1. Reagan
years—an
important divide in
American
experience
2. US as a debtor
3. Clinton
Administration—
global economic
recovery
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