Transcript American Foreign Policy

UNIT 12
American Culture
Unit Twelve
American Foreign
Policy
TIANJIN FOREIGN STUDIES UNIVERSITY
American Foreign Policy
The experience of intervention in
Europe during the two world wars led
Americans to believe that they were the
people who were chosen to extend
peace and stability to the four corners of
the earth. Their faith has now been
shaken, but they are still building
foreign policy on that traditional belief.
--Achille Albonetti
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I. The Making of American Foreign Policy
A.
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The President and Congress
The president plays leading role in
the application of foreign policy because
of his constitutional roles as commander
in chief, chief diplomat and chief
executive.
In most cases, Congress
collaborates with the president in
making foreign policy and often supports
the president, especially in crises.
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I. The Making of American Foreign Policy
B.
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The Department of State
As a diplomatic organization, it helps
make, then executes and monitors
American foreign policy throughout the
world.
The department is headed by the
Secretary of State, the highest-ranking
official in the cabinet and also one of the
chief foreign policy advisors to the
president.
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I. The Making of American Foreign Policy
C. The Department of Defense (Pentagon)
The head of the Department of Defense is the Secretary of
Defense, a cabinet member who has authority over the
military establishment.
Below him are the civilian secretaries of the army, navy and
air force; below them are the military commanders of the
individual branches of the armed forces.
These military leaders make up the joint Chiefs of Staff (the
leaders of the four main parts of the US military forces, the
Army, the Navy, the Air Force and the Marines, whose job is
to advise the president on important military matters), who
not only coordinate military policy, but also are the primary
military advisors to the president, the Secretary of Defense
and the National Security Council.
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I. The Making of American Foreign Policy
D. CIA and the Intelligence Agencies
CIA is the most important of various intelligence agencies.
The director of central intelligence (DCI) coordinates the
activities of the CIA as well as the intelligence activities of the
Department of Defense. CIA responsibilities include:
1. the analysis, preparation, and distribution of intelligence
to the president and the National Security Council.
2. the collection of human intelligence—reports obtained
from foreign sources by CIA caseworkers around the world
3. all covert action activities—activities carried outside the
US, supporting its national interest, which would be
ineffective or counterproductive if their sponsorship were to
be made public.
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I. The Making of American Foreign Policy
The Making of American
Foreign Policy
•E. The National Security
Council
•
As an executive agency, it is made
up of a group of advisors created to help
the president coordinate a coherent
foreign policy by taking into account
details of domestic, foreign and military
affairs that related to national security. Its
members include the president, the vice
president, and the secretaries of state
and defense. The Council is directed by
the National Security Advisor, who is
another influential figure in the making of
foreign policy.
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•F. Interest Groups
• The foreign policymaking
in the US is also influenced
by the nation’s various
groups. An interest group
refers to a group of people
who join together to try to
influence the government in
order to protect their own
particular rights, advantages,
etc.
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II. The U.S. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era
For more than 40 years, ever since the end of World War II,
the United States had engaged in a Cold War with the
Soviet Union.
American policy overseas had been fixed on containing
the expansion of Soviet’s influence around the world.
The strategy is known as containment, which was the
basis of U.S. foreign and defense policy during the Cold
War era.
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II. The U.S. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era
A. The rise of the Cold War
4. The Korean War
The situation stabilized after the
Panmunjom peace talks.
1. The Truman
Doctrine—the beginning
of the Cold War
The rise of
the Cold War
3. NATO
2. The Marshall Plan—American aid
to restore the economy of Europe
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II. The U.S. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era
B. Vietnam War
The containment policy continued to be applied in the
Vietnam War.
1
2
From
Eisenhower to
Johnson
Administrations
Domino Theory—
if one nation fell
to Communism,
it would cause
others to fall, like
a line of
dominoes
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II. The U.S. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era
B. Vietnam War
The containment policy continued to be applied in the
Vietnam War.
3
Nixon Administration— “stick and carrot”
approach
Nixon ordered the resuming of the bombing
of North Vietnam, while simultaneously
withdrawing troops, placing the burden of
defense on the South Vietnamese themselves,
a policy known as Vietnamization.
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II. The U.S. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era
C. Détente
The end of the Vietnam War marked a turning
point in American foreign policy. Nixon sought
to ease Cold War tensions with both China
and the Soviet Union by a policy of detente, or
a relaxing of strained relations between
nations.
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II. The U.S. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era
C. Détente
Détente
•1. Richard Nixon
• (1) China being admitted to
the UN, Nixon’s visit to
China in 1972, the Shanghai
Communiqué
• (2) Nixon’s visit to the
Soviet Union and the first
Strategic Arms Limitation
Treaty (ASLT I) with
Brezhnov
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•2. Jimmy Carter
•(1) Full diplomatic relations
with China in 1979
•(2) Peace Treaty between
Egypt and Israel
•(3) Meeting with Brezhnov
and the second Strategic Arms
Limitation Treaty (SALT II)
•(4) The end of detente
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II. The U.S. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era
D. The End of the Cold War
Reagan continued the hard line that Carter
had begun to take after the invasion of
Afghanistan. He was determined to strengthen
America’s defense and recapture world
supremacy from the Soviet Union.
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II. The U.S. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era
D. The End of the Cold War
The End of the Cold
War
•1. Nuclear arms race
•(1) The United States: The
Strategic Defense Initiative
(SDI)— “Star Wars”
•(2) The Soviet Union: more
accurate land-based
intercontinental ballistic
missiles (ICBMs)
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•2. Situation in the Soviet
Union
•Mikhail Gorbachev began to
reduce tensions with the US.
•(1) Troop withdrawal from
Afghanistan and Eastern
Europe
•(2) Formation of the
Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS)
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III. The Post-Cold War America
A. The Gulf War
The breakup of the Soviet Union, the demolition of the Berlin
Wall, and the disintegration of the Soviet bloc of Eastern
Europe left many Americans confused as to what U.S. future
policy should be.
Containment had supplied a focus to American foreign policy
for forty years.
With the end of the Cold War, the United States has not
developed a comprehensive strategy for dealing with what
could emerge as a post-Cold War period.
However, as the only superpower in the world, the protection
of American global interest remained crucial in U.S. foreign
policy.
The Gulf War in 1991 is a case in point.
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III. The Post-Cold War America
A.
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The Gulf War
Control of Persian Gulf was a national
interest.
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III. The Post-Cold War America
B.
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The Clinton Administration
1. Rapid economic growth
2. Foreign affairs: expanding American
democratic values abroad; supporting
economic reforms in Russia; creating
the largest free trade zone in the world
by pushing the North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993;
sponsoring negotiations between Arabs
and Israelis; strengthening Sino-US
relations (On September 19, 2000,
Congress approved permanent normal
trade status for China)
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III. The Post-Cold War America
C. America in the 21st Century
Unilateralism (the Kyoto Protocol)
1
Sept. 11 terrorist
attacks
5
Gulf War II
2
4
3
Bush Doctrine
Anti-terrorism—the paramount issue of U.S. foreign policy
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III. The Post-Cold War America
C. America in the 21st Century
4. Bush Doctrine
In 2002 President Bush surprised the world by naming
Iraq, Iran and North Korea as Axis of Evil. American
unilateralism again became evident. Bush put forward the
strategy of preemption. By preemption, the United States
means that when it determines that a country which is
repressive and hostile to the United States has acquired
or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the
potential to possess such weapons, the United States
should use force to remove this threat to US security and
should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until
the United States is attacked. This has come to be known
as the Bush Doctrine.
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III. The Post-Cold War America
C. America in the 21st Century
5. Gulf War II
The war on Iraq is only a battle in wider and longer
war to change the nature of the governments in Syria,
Iran and Saudi Arabia. In other words, the Bush
administration wants to remake the Middle East
according to its plan and in its image.
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