Transcript The Federalist Era

The Federalist Era
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SWBAT
• Describe the Internal and External troubles of
the Federalist era (both George Washington’s
and John Adams’s administrations).
• Contrast
– Hamilton’s “Federalist” Party with
– Jefferson’s “Democratic-Republican” Party.
• Explain two suggestions of GW gave upon his
leaving office. Do we follow them today?
• Explain the “Alien and Sedition Acts”:
– Why they were created
– Who opposed them
GW takes Charge
• 30APR1789 First
Presidential swearing-in
• To Do List:
– Create Bureaucracy
(system) to carry out laws
– Create Judicial System
– Raise money (TAXES!) to
run federal govt.
– Create Precedents
(routines other presidents
will follow)
I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I
will faithfully execute the office of
President of the United States, and
will to the best of my ability,
preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the United States.
--Presidential oath of office, Article II, Section 1, United States
Constitution
Bill of Rights
• By SEP 1789 twelve amendments to the
Constitution were submitted to the states.
• It took until 1791 for the ten amendments to
be passed becoming the Bill of Rights.
• Main purpose of the BoRs was to protect
people (individuals) from the government.
– How does it do that?
Bill of Rights –
The real short version
1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
2. Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well-regulated
militia.
3. No quartering of soldiers.
4. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.
5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double
jeopardy.
6. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial.
7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases.
8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments.
9. Other rights of the people – Just because it’s not in the constitution
doesn’t mean it’s not a right.
10. Powers reserved to the states – states have powers, but cannot act
like an individual country.
Judicial System
• Judiciary Act of 1789
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Established the Supreme Court
Chief Justice and five associate judges
Sixteen lower federal courts
Also Attorney General, Prosecuting Attorneys &
Federal Marshalls
The very first Supreme Court Justice, John Jay,
Executive Branch
• Three most important
Departments, each headed by
a Secretary
– Department of State – Foreign
Affairs – Thomas Jefferson
– Department of War – Military
matters – Henry Knox
– Depart of the Treasury –
Financial Problems – Alexander
Hamilton
• Originally thought to be
individual advisors, came to
be a counsel of advisors,
including the Attorney
General, called the Cabinet.
Hamilton’s Policies
• Pay off foreign debt ($80 million!) from the
Revolutionary War
• “Funding” Buy up Rev. bonds & issue new
– Most Bonds not w/original purchasers
– Had been sold at < value to speculators
– Ham’s plan would benefit the speculators
• Assume all State debts – put them
all together
• Establish a National Bank
Whiskey Tax
• Levied specifically against Western PA
– Corn too bulky to transport, convert to whiskey
– Western PA Refused to pay taxes
• Washington wanted to assert Federal power
– Gathered 15,000 militia, GW & Ham at the lead
• Rebellion scattered, Fed power asserted
Indian Relations
• NW territory claims
• Indians had not been
represented at Treaty
of Paris 1783 (ending
Rev War)
– Great Britain gave land
W of Apps, E of
Mississippi to U.S.,
Indians were there but
not considered
Indian Relations
• Battles in 1790, 1792 won by Indians
• In 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers won by
“Mad” Anthony Wayne
Foreign Relations
• French Revolution
– Initially popularly
supported, especially by
Jefferson
– As anarchy & blood
reigned, opinion shifted
• French declared war on
GB 1793, American
opinion was divided
Foreign Relations
• GW stayed
Neutral
• America had
problems with
both countries
• We had a “Quasi
War” with France
Difficulties of 1st Administration
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Pass Bill of Rights
Establish Fed Court system
Select Executive Advisors, the Cabinet
Fund the new gov’t.
Foreign relations
– Internally with Indians
– Externally, France and England
Foreign Affairs
• The French
Revolution caused
what in the US?
• Issues w/Indians were
settled by –
Origins of the Two Party System
• Two parties developed
around the leadership
and opinions of
– Thomas Jefferson,
Republican-Democrats
– Alexander Hamilton,
Federalists
Origins of the Two Party System
• Divide class in half.
• One half will look at
Hamilton and his policies.
• One half will look at
Jefferson and his policies.
• The two halves of the
class will help each other
learn the about their
person.
?
?
George Washington’s
Farewell Address
• Washington declined running for election for a
third term and retired from politics
• He published his farewell address (never actually
gave it publicly)
• He gives advice to the new nation based on his
experiences and beliefs
George Washington’s
Farewell Address
• Summarize advice
• Do we follow it today?
John Adams’
Administration
• Election of 1796 very
close
– Northern Federalist - 70
electors
– Southern Republicans 68 electors
• Outcome: Adams is
President (Federalist)
• Jefferson Vice-President
(Republican – Democrat)
Bush Elections 2000 & 2004
Red = Republican Bush
Blue = Democrat Gore/Kerry
John Adams’ Foreign Affairs
• War? With France?
– Fr outraged over Jay Treaty w/Br
– Fr began seizing Am ships, “Quasi War”
– Federalists wanted War
– Republicans were generally considered “Francophiles”, the
like the French
• Adams sent negotiators to Fr
– Informed Adams a bribe was demanded
– Adams kept it secret to NOT enflame war fever
• Reps thinking he wanted war and was keeping the “peace
offer” secret demanded release of letter.
– Letter released Fr listed as X, Y, Z (XYZ Affair)
– “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”
• Much War fever but no actual outbreak
John Adams’ Domestic Affairs
• Loudest Critics of
Adams/Federalists were
foreign born Republicans
• Dissent viewed by Federalists
as unpatriotic
• Created Alien & Sedition Acts
– p. 290 Blue Text P. 253 Red Text
• Republican response
– VA & KY Acts
– Said that states could write
laws within their own borders.
John Adams is
a Jerk!
Election of 1800, War of Words
• Adams not being
Federalist enough,
lost votes in the N
• Final Electoral Tally
– TJ – 73
– Aaron Burr – 73
– JA – 65
• Hamilton hated Aaron
Burr more than TJ, so
he supported TJ
Alien and Sedition Acts
• Describe who
favored the Alien
and Sedition Acts,
and why.
• Describe who
opposed the Alien
and Sedition Acts,
and why.
JA & the Federalist’s Last Word
• The outgoing Adams’
administration and Federalist’s
Congress increased the number
of federal judges and all of those
appointed were Federalists.
• The courts consistently
interpreted laws as Federalists for
next couple of decades.
• Most famous, Marbury v.
Madison: established Judicial
Review – allowed the Supreme
Court to nullify (cancel) laws that
were determined unconstitutional