Transcript How did the election of 1796 increase political tensions?

The American Nation
Chapter 9
Launching the New
Government, 1789–1800
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American Nation
Chapter 9: Launching the New Government, 1789–1800
Section 1:
Washington Takes Office
Section 2:
Creating a Foreign Policy
Section 3:
Political Parties Emerge
Section 4:
The Second President
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Political Parties Emerge
Chapter 9, Section 3
• Why did many Americans distrust the idea
of political parties?
• How did the views of Hamilton and
Jefferson differ?
• Why did political parties develop?
• How did the election of 1796 increase
political tensions?
Many Americans Distrusted Political Parties
Chapter 9, Section 3
• Americans had seen how factions, or
opposing groups within parties, worked in
Britain. Members of factions were often
more interested in personal gain than in
public good.
• Political parties could be a threat to
national unity.
• Washington warned that political parties
would lead to “jealousies and false
alarms.”
The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
Chapter 9, Section 3
Issue
Hamilton’s Views
Jefferson’s Views
Manufacturing
or farming
Thought the government
should encourage
manufacturing and trade.
Favored cities and
merchants.
Thought farmers were the
backbone of the nation.
Feared manufacturing would
concentrate power in the
hands of a few wealthy
Americans.
Federal or state
power
Federal government should
have greater power than
state governments. A strong
federal government would
increase commerce and
keep the peace.
A small federal government
would protect individual
freedom. A strong federal
government might take over
powers the Constitution
gave to the states.
The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
Chapter 9, Section 3
Issue
Hamilton’s Views
Jefferson’s Views
Strict or loose
interpretation of
the Constitution
Preferred a loose
interpretation of the
Constitution. Believed the
Constitution gave Congress
the power to make all laws
“necessary and proper” to
carry out its duties. The
Bank of the United States
was necessary.
Preferred a strict
interpretation. Any power
not specifically given to the
federal government
belonged to the states. The
Bank of the United States
was unconstitutional, or not
permitted by the
Constitution.
Britain or France
Wanted close ties with
Britain.
Wanted close ties with
France.
Why Political Parties Developed
Chapter 9, Section 3
• Jefferson and James Madison decided to
organize supporters of their views. They met
with leading New York politicians to aske
them to help defeat Hamilton’s program.
• Leaders in other states organized to support
either Hamilton or Jefferson.
• Jefferson’s supporters called themselves
Democratic Republicans.
• Hamilton’s supporters were called
Federalists.
Why Political Parties Developed
Chapter 9, Section 3
• The two political parties took part in the
election of 1796.
- Federalist John Adams became President;
Democratic-Republican leader Thomas
Jefferson became Vice-President.
• Having the President and Vice-President from
opposing parties further increased political
tensions.
Why Political Parties Developed
Chapter 9, Section 3
Federalists
vs.
• Were led by Alexander Hamilton
• Believed wealthy and well educated
should lead nation
• Favored strong central government
• Emphasized manufacturing,
shipping, and trade
• Favored loose interpretation of
Constitution
• Were pro-British
• Favored national bank
• Favored protective tariff
Republicans
• Were led by Thomas Jefferson
• Believed people should have
political power
• Favored strong state governments
• Emphasized agriculture
• Favored strict interpretation of
Constitution
• Were pro-French
• Opposed national bank
• Opposed protective tariff
The Election of 1796
Chapter 9, Section 3
Republican Candidates
Thomas Jefferson for President
Aaron Burr for Vice President
vs.
Federalist Candidates
John Adams for President
Thomas Pinckney for Vice President
The Winners
• John Adams for President
• Thomas Jefferson for Vice President
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 3
One issue the first political parties clashed over was
a) which should be stronger—the central government or the state governments.
b) whether the United States should expand beyond its original borders.
c) whether George Washington should be permitted to retire.
d) whether the Supreme Court should be allowed to declare laws unconstitutional.
In 1796, the person with the most votes became President, and the person with the
second highest number of votes became Vice President. One problem this caused in the
election of 1796 was that
a) the votes had to be counted twice.
b) candidates for President and Vice President had to run together on the same
ticket.
c) the views of the opposing candidates were the same.
d) the people chosen as President and Vice President were from opposing parties.
Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 3
One issue the first political parties clashed over was
a) which should be stronger—the central government or the state governments.
b) whether the United States should expand beyond its original borders.
c) whether George Washington should be permitted to retire.
d) whether the Supreme Court should be allowed to declare laws unconstitutional.
In 1796, the person with the most votes became President, and the person with the
second highest number of votes became Vice President. One problem this caused in the
election of 1796 was that
a) the votes had to be counted twice.
b) candidates for President and Vice President had to run together on the same
ticket.
c) the views of the opposing candidates were the same.
d) the people chosen as President and Vice President were from opposing parties.
Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.
The Second President
Chapter 9, Section 4
• How did John Adams handle the conflict
with France?
• Why did the Federalist party split?
• How did the Alien and Sedition acts raise
the issue of the rights of states?
• What role did Congress play in the
election of 1800?
John Adams and the Conflict With France
Chapter 9, Section 4
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
France objected to Jay’s Treaty. The French said it favored
Britain.
French ships began to seize American ships.
Adams sent diplomats to Paris to discuss the rights of neutral
nations.
The French foreign minister sent three agents to offer the
Americans a deal. The agents asked for a $250,000 bribe and a
$10 million loan to France before they would talk.
Adams told Congress. Because he called the French agents X,
Y, and Z, the incident became known as the XYZ Affair.
The country would not pay the bribe, but Adams refused to ask
Congress to declare war on France.
Instead, Adams strengthened the navy by building frigates,
fast-sailing ships with many guns.
The Federalist Party Splits
Chapter 9, Section 4
Hamilton and his
Federalist supporters
wanted a war with
France.
• War with France would
weaken the Republican
party.
• War would force the
United States to build
up its military forces.
This would increase
federal power.
Adams and his
Federalist supporters
wanted to avoid war
with France.
• Adams wanted to keep
the country out of
European affairs.
• He sent American
diplomats to France.
The new French leader
agreed to stop seizing
American ships.
The Alien and Sedition Acts and States’ Rights
Chapter 9, Section 4
During the crisis with France, Federalists passed the
Alien and Sedition acts.
Alien Act
• The President could expel any alien thought to be
dangerous to the country.
• The number of years immigrants had to wait to
become citizens was raised from 5 to 14.
Sedition Act
• Sedition means stirring up rebellion against a
government. Under this law, citizens could be fined or
jailed for criticizing the government or its officials.
The Alien and Sedition Acts and States’ Rights
Chapter 9, Section 4
Jefferson and the Republicans opposed the Alien and Sedition
acts. Jefferson argued that states had the right to nullify, or
cancel, a law passed by the federal government. Kentucky and
Virginia passed resolutions supporting Jefferson’s view.
Kentucky and Virginia resolutions
• These resolutions claimed that each state “has an equal
right to judge for itself” whether a law is constitutional.
• If a state decides a law is unconstitutional, the state can
nullify that law within its borders.
• These resolutions raised the issue of states’ rights. Does
the federal government have only those powers listed in the
Constitution? If so, the states possess all other powers.
Congress and the Election of 1800
Chapter 9, Section 4
• Republicans backed Thomas Jefferson for
President and Aaron Burr for Vice President.
Federalists supported John Adams.
• Republicans won the popular vote.
• In the electoral college, Jefferson and Burr each
received 73 votes.
• The election went to the House of
Representatives to decide.
• After four days and 36 votes, the House chose
Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice
President.
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 4
Federalists angered the Republicans when they passed the Alien and Sedition
acts, which said that
a) American diplomats could not pay bribes to foreign agents.
b) foreigners could never become citizens.
c) under certain circumstances, citizens could rebel against the
government.
d) citizens could be jailed for criticizing the government or its officials.
The issue of states’ rights raises questions about
a) whether the federal government should have a strong military force.
b) the President’s power to expel aliens.
c) whether Kentucky and Virginia had the right to pass resolutions.
d) which powers belong to the federal government and which belong to
the states.
Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 4
Federalists angered the Republicans when they passed the Alien and Sedition
acts, which said that
a) American diplomats could not pay bribes to foreign agents.
b) foreigners could never become citizens.
c) under certain circumstances, citizens could rebel against the
government.
d) citizens could be jailed for criticizing the government or its officials.
The issue of states’ rights raises questions about
a) whether the federal government should have a strong military force.
b) the President’s power to expel aliens.
c) whether Kentucky and Virginia had the right to pass resolutions.
d) which powers belong to the federal government and which belong to
the states.
Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.