Transcript Tariff of 1816 - Spokane Public Schools

Chapter 12 Notes
Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, Land Act of 1820,
Missouri Compromise, Panic of 1819, James
Monroe, Monroe Doctrine
Tariff of 1816
• After the war, British
competitors dumped their
goods onto America at cheap
prices.
• America responded with the
Tariff of 1816, the first in U.S.
history designed for protection
– It put a 20-25% tariff on dutiable
imports.
Henry Clay
• Clay created an economic program called "the American
System.“
• This included a protective tariff, a national bank jointly owned
by private stockholders and the federal government, and
federal subsidies for transportation projects ("internal
improvements").
• Public lands in the West were to be sold rather than given
away to homesteaders so the proceeds could be used for
education and internal improvements.
• The program was intended to promote economic development
and diversification, reduce dependence on imports, and tie
together the different sections of the country.
• The American System became the chief plank in the platform
of Clay's Whig party, which was formed in opposition to the
Democratic party of Andrew Jackson, creating "the second
party system." Whigs were found in all parts of the country,
but especially among the prosperous classes, in areas wanting
government economic aid, and among Protestant religious
bodies that hoped a strong government would further their
agenda of moral reform.
Land Act of 1820
• The West, still not populous and
politically weak, was forced to ally
itself with other sections, and
demanded cheap acreage.
• The Land Act of 1820 gave the West
its wish by authorizing a buyer to
purchase 80 acres of land at a
minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash;
the West demanded and slowly got
cheap transportation as well.
Missouri Compromise
• The Missouri Compromise was an effort by Congress to
defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the
request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in
which slavery would be permitted.
• At the time, the United States contained twenty-two
states, evenly divided between slave and free.
• Admission of Missouri as a slave state would upset that
balance; it would also set a precedent for congressional
agreement in the expansion of slavery.
• Earlier in 1819, when Missouri was being organized as a
territory, Representative James Tallmadge of New York
had proposed an amendment that would ultimately have
ended slavery there.
• This effort was defeated, as was a similar effort by
Representative John Taylor of New York regarding
Arkansas Territory.
Continued…
• The extraordinarily bitter debate over Missouri's
application for admission ran from December 1819 to
March 1820.
• Northerners, led by Senator Rufus King of New York,
argued that Congress had the power to prohibit slavery in
a new state.
• Southerners like Senator William Pinckney of Maryland
held that new states had the same freedom of action as the
original thirteen and were thus free to choose slavery if
they wished.
• After the Senate and the House passed different bills and
deadlock threatened, a compromise bill was worked out
with the following provisions:
– (1) Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine
(formerly part of Massachusetts) as free
– (2) Except for Missouri, slavery was to be excluded from the
Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36°30.
Continued…
• The Missouri Compromise was criticized by many
southerners because it established the principle that
Congress could make laws regarding slavery.
• Northerners condemned it for acquiescing in the
expansion of slavery (though only south of the
compromise line).
• Nevertheless, the act helped hold the Union together for
more than thirty years.
• It was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which
established popular sovereignty (local choice) regarding
slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, though both were north
of the compromise line.
• Three years later, the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case
declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, on
the ground that Congress was prohibited by the Fifth
Amendment from depriving individuals of private
property without due process of law.
Panic of 1819
• In 1819, a paralyzing economic panic
engulfed the U.S., bringing deflation,
depression, bankruptcies, bank failures,
unemployment, soup kitchens, and
overcrowded debtors’ prisons.
• A major cause of the panic had been over
speculation in land prices, where the Bank
of the United States fell heavily into debt.
• The West was especially hard hit, and the
Bank of the U.S. was soon viewed with
anger.
• There was also attention against the
debtors, where, in a few overplayed cases,
mothers owing a few dollars were torn
away from their infants by the debtors.
James Monroe (1758-1831)
• Fifth president of the United States Born in Westmoreland
County, Virginia.
• Monroe was an aide to George Washington during the
Revolution.
• He served as a member of the Continental Congress, as a U.S.
senator from Virginia, as U.S. minister to France, Spain, and
England, and as governor of Virginia (1799-1802). Appointed
secretary of state by James Madison, Monroe also held the post
of secretary of war during the War of 1812.
• Because the Federalist party had dissolved and most people
belonged to the Democratic-Republican party during his
administration, his two terms became known as the Era of Good
Feelings.
• The country prospered with the growth of industry and
settlement of the West.
• During Monroe's years in office, Florida was purchased from
Spain and became part of the United States, the Missouri
Compromise took place, and the Monroe Doctrine became part
of the foreign policy of the United States.
The Monroe Doctrine
• December 2, 1823, statement of policy issued by President
James Monroe in his annual message to Congress.
• Influenced and developed by Secretary of State John Quincy
Adams, the Monroe Doctrine declared a hands-off policy in
the Western Hemisphere.
• It asserted that the United States would not interfere with
European colonies already established in North and South
America but that it would not tolerate further colonization.
• The United States in turn would not interfere in the affairs of
Europe.
• Any attempt by any European nation to interfere in the
Western Hemisphere would be looked upon as a threat to
American safety and could be reason for war.
• In 1904 President Theodore Roosevelt extended the Monroe
doctrine with his Roosevelt Corollary.