Transcript The Era of Good Feeling

The
“Era of Good Feelings”
(1815-1824)
OR WAS IT?
American System
• British manufacturing competitors in 1815
looked to make up for lost time and money after
the war.
– Dumped contents of their overstocked warehouses on
the United States market.
– Often offered goods at below cost in hope of
strangling the burgeoning American industries
– American manufacturing screamed for protection.
– In 1816, a nationalist Congress passed the Tariff of
1816, primarily for protection of American industry.
Rates were 20-25% of the value of dutiable imports
– Starts trend of protection, another sign of the growth
of nationalism
The American System
p
Tariff of 1816
- provide funds and protection
p Second Bank of the
U. S.
- Easy and abundant credit
p Internal improvements
at federal expense.
-
Henry Clay,
“The Great
Compromiser”
National Road (needed for
transportation of goods and materials
from North and East to South and West
(Vice versa). Link nation together
economically
The American System
• However, Madison vetoed the Federal
road spending bill and for internal
improvement in the states
– Stated unconstitutional
– States forced to provide own revenue
• As a result, New York completes the Erie canal by
1825
• New England did not want federally funded roads
because of fear of the population and power drain
to the South and West
The American System
The American System
WEST  got roads, canals, and
federal aide.
EAST  got the backing of
protective tariffs from the
West.
SOUTH  ?? Will this be an issue?
The Election of 1816
Last time that the Federalists will have a presidential candidate. Also, the
Virginia Dynasty continues with Monroe being elected. (Washington, Jefferson,
Madison, and now Monroe. As Federalists slowly die, we have a system of
One-party rule.
James Monroe [1816-1824]
#5
James Monroe
• As book states, the man and the times met
perfectly.
• Straddled two generations, the by-gone period
of the Founding Fathers and also the merging
age of Nationalism
• Not brilliant or ever great, but an intellect who
understood that the nation did not need an
overbearing president, just simple and sober
administration
• He was an experienced, levelheaded executive
who could interpret popular rumblings and
discontent and respond.
James Monroe
• Boston newspaper, after his 1817 goodwill tour,
pronounced his presidency will usher in an “Era
of Good Feelings.”
• However, this is often called a misnomer,
because despite a period of tranquility and
prosperity early in his presidency, the era under
Monroe’s administration was a troubled one.
– Issues of tariffs, the bank, and internal improvements
caused bitter arguments
– Sectionalism was rearing its ugly head as well as the
issue of slavery
The Panic of 1819
CAUSES???
Causes of 1819
• Depression, bank failures, deflation,
bankruptcies, unemployment, soup kitchens,
and debtors’ prisons all were the result of the
panic of 1819.
• Causes
– Overspeculation in frontier lands, with the Bank of the
United States involved
– West was severely hit as many farms were foreclosed
– Western debtors started to despise and hate the Bank
of the United States because of this.
– Poorer classes also hit very hard by the panic, which
helped sow the seeds for Jacksonian Democracy
Western Expansion
• 9 states joined the union from 1791-1819.
– To preserve the North-South balance, admitted
alternately as free or slave state.
• Why such an explosion West?
– Continuation of the generations old-westward
movement
– Cheap land appealed to European immigrants
– Small down payments needed
– Crushing of Native Americans made land available
– Building of roads improved transportation
(Cumberland Road)
– Use of Steamboats made it easier to navigate rivers
Western Expansion
• However, West was still weak internally
and politically, just not enough people.
• However, still had demands, especially
cheap acreage.
– Land Act of 1820
• 80 acres at 1.25 an acre cash
– Also wanted cheap transportation
– Also wanted cheap money
The Tallmadge Amendment
Missouri wanted statehood, as a slave
state
All slaves born in Missouri after the
territory became a state would be freed
at the age of 25. Also no more slaves
could be brought to Missouri.
Passed by the House, not in the Senate.
The North controlled the House, and the
South had enough power to block it in
the Senate.
The Tallmadge Amendment
• Slaveholding southerners were outraged at the
Tallmadge amendment.
• Also, North over time was getting wealthier and
more populated, as represented in the House.
So the North had an advantage.
• But in the Senate, with 11 free states and 11
slave states, the South remained equal due to
the 2 Senators per state.
• So Southerners wanted to maintain this equality
because it gave them the opportunity to twart
any measure to interfere with the expansion of
slavery.
Missouri and the Slave Issue
• Many southerners worried that if Missouri, the
first territory carved out of Louisiana and West of
the Mississippi, was not admitted as a slave
state, it would set a bad precedent for future
western states.
• Southerners also worried if their “peculiar
institution’ could be abolished in Missouri, would
the Northerners look to have it abolished
elsewhere?
• Some anti-slavery northerners wanted slavery to
not be allowed to expand further.
• So…..a solution needed to be made.
Missouri Compromise
• Led by Henry Clay, a bundle of 3 compromise were agreed to in an
attempt to solve the issue of Missouri
– Missouri entered as a slave state
– Maine entered as a free state
– All other slavery prohibited in the Louisiana Territory above 36’ 30
parallel (Southern border of Missouri)
• Who Won?
– South got Missouri as an unrestricted slave state
– North got the right to prohibit slavery in the rest of Louisiana
– 12 slave states and 12 free states due to the compromise.
• The compromise lasted 34 years and preserved the shaky compact
of the states
• However, it did not solve the slavery issue and simply kicked the can
down the road. As Thomas Jefferson said, in regards to slavery: it
will “burst on us like a tornado.”
The Compromise of 1820:
A Firebell in the Night!
The Election of 1820
Monroe was so popular, even despite the Missouri issue and the bigger issue
Of the Panic of 1819, he received every electoral vote except 1. So Washington
Remained the only unanimous choice in presidential elections. Former
Governor and Senator from New Hampshire cast the single vote against Monroe
Daniel Webster
• John Marshall’s twin ideological brother
in the Senate.
• Numerous times he eloquently espoused
his Federalist views and nationalistic
philosophy in front of the Supreme Court.
• Often argued in Senate against states’
rights and nullification
John Marshall
• As Chief Justice, he helped create a stable
and nationally uniform environment for
business.
• Helped check the excess of popularly
elected state legislatures.
• Through him, the conservative
Hamiltonians triumphed from the tomb as
he championed a strong central
government time and time again
John Quincy Adams:
A bulldog among spaniels!
John Quincy Adams was Secretary
of State during Monroe’s administration.
- Son of John Adams
- rose above the sectionalism
of New England and became
one of the United States
greatest Secretaries of State
Treaty of 1818 (British):
- Americans could share
Newfoundland fisheries with
Canadians
- Fixed Louisiana at the 49th
parallel (Lake of the Woods to
the Rockies)
- Ten-Year joint occupation of the
disputed Oregon territory
The Convention of 1818
Florida and Jackson
• Revolutions broke out in Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile.
So……..
• Spain sent troops from Florida to these countries to stop the
revolutionaries.
• Andrew Jackson creates trumped up charges that Seminole
Indians and fugitive slaves are using Florida as refuge and
gets commission to enter Florida to punish Indians and
recapture the runaways.
• So he hanged two chiefs and executed two British subjects for
assisting the Indians. He also took two Spanish posts, St.
Marks and Pensacola.
• Congress and president were angry, but John Quincy Adams
said lets just take Florida and wanted concessions from Spain
• Result is the Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819
– United States got Florida
– Had to leave some forts in Texas
– Boundary established between Mexico and United States
Jackson’s Florida Campaigns
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
Napoleonic Wars and Aftermath
• After Napoleon was defeated and the threat of
democracy was squashed, the Monarchs of Europe
banded together in attempt to eliminate another
revolution like in France. They wanted to make the
world safe from democracy.
• Americans were fearful that the monarchs of Prussia,
Austria, Russia, and France would send armies to defeat
the democratic experiments in revolutionary Latin
America.
• So they feared that the proximity of the adversarial
monarchs would threaten American security
• 1821, Tsar of Russia extended territory to 51st Parallel,
present day British Columbia and had trading posts in
San Francisco. So the fear of monarchy in America was
real.
Britain and America
• George Canning proposed to the American
minister a partnership with America that
renouncing any interest in Latin American
countries and also warning European despots to
keep hands off the Latin American republics.
• John Quincy Adams said hells no!!! He
understood that it was not necessary to entangle
the Untied States in this alliance. There was no
imminent attack from Europe in Latin America
and plus the Royal navy would thwart any attack
anyways. So he convinces Monroe to
pronounce the………..
The Monroe Doctrine, 1823
Referred to as
America’s Self-Defense
Doctrine.
No more colonization and
No monarchs in New World
1. What foreign
policy
principles are
established?
2. What warning is given
to the European
countries?
Monroe
Doctrine
3. What would the
US do if the
warning was not
headed?
The West & the NW: 1819-1824
The Election of 1824:
The “Corrupt Bargain”
The Election of 1824:
The “Corrupt Bargain”
Popular Vote
Electoral
Vote
Andrew Jackson
43%
99
J.Q. Adams
31%
84
William
Crawford
13%
41
Henry Clay
13%
37
Candidate