Transcript Chapter 8 PowerPoint Notes - Saugerties Central School

CH. 8 NOTES
WASHINGTON TAKES OFFICE
CH 8-1 VOCABULARY
• CABINET: a group of people chosen by the President to
give advice.
• ECONOMY: the way goods, wealth, and services are
created and used.
• INAUGURATION: The ceremony where the president is
officially sworn into office and promises to uphold the
U.S. Constitution.
• TARIFF: a tax on imported goods. (goods coming in
from another country.)
• PRECEDENT: an act or a decision that sets an example
for others to follow.
MAIN IDEA
• In order to build a powerful United States, the founding
fathers needed to build a strong government and a
strong economy.
THE FIRST PRESIDENT:
- George Washington was elected the first president.
- John Adams became the vice president.
- Washington knew he could not do his job alone. He
chose a group of advisors called his cabinet to help him
out.
The New Leaders
• On April 30, 1789, George Washington took the oath of
office as the first President of the United States.
• Washington’s inauguration, or official swearing-in
ceremony, was attended by thousands.
• Leading Federalist John Adams of Massachusetts became
Vice President.
• Washington also selected a Cabinet, a group of federal
leaders who both advise the President and head national
agencies.
• Each cabinet member had a different job.
Presidential Cabinet
1. Secretary of State: This person is responsible
for advising the president on how to deal with
foreign relations (countries).
- Washington chose Thomas Jefferson.
2. Secretary of Treasury: this person is
responsible for advising the president on the
economy; money, debts, jobs, trade.
- Washington chose Alexander Hamilton.
Jefferson and Hamilton
Secretary of State Jefferson
• After serving several years as ambassador
to France, Thomas Jefferson returned to the
United States in 1789.
• He quickly became involved again in
domestic affairs, or the country’s internal
matters.
• In addition to being a politician, Jefferson
was a planter, writer, and inventor.
• His interest in architecture led him to build
several homes, including his most famous,
Monticello.
• Jefferson was not a strict Federalist and
later became one of Washington’s
harshest critics.
Treasury Secretary Hamilton
• Alexander Hamilton was chosen to head the
government’s largest department, the
Department of the Treasury.
• Hamilton had been an officer in the
Continental Army during the Revolution,
where he had carried out important military
missions.
• In contrast to Jefferson, Hamilton believed
that governmental power, properly used,
could accomplish great things.
Presidential Cabinet
Continued…
3. Secretary of War: this person is
responsible for advising the president on
the military.
- Washington chose Henry Knox.
4. Attorney General: this person is
responsible for advising the president on
the law.
- Washington chose Edmund Randolph
d
Washington’s Government
• Washington knew that during his first
administration, or term of office, he and his
officials were establishing precedents for
how to govern.
• A precedent is an act or statement that
becomes an example, rule, or tradition to be
followed.
• Washington worked to establish a tone of
dignity in his administration.
• In 1792, Washington won unanimous reelection.
His second term, however, became marked by
criticism and controversy.
Planning a Capital City
The Need for a Capital City
• During Washington’s first year in office, the
government resided in New York City.
• In 1790, the capital was moved to Philadelphia while a
new capital could be planned and built.
• The Residence Act of 1790 specified a 10-squaremile stretch of land on the border between Maryland
and Virginia for the new capital.
• This area, to be called the District of Columbia, would
be governed by federal authorities, not by either state.
Planning the District of Columbia
• African American mathematician Benjamin
Banneker helped survey the city.
• French architect Pierre-Charles L’Enfant developed
the city plan.
• The District of Columbia, later renamed
Washington, District of Columbia, was designed to
echo the beauty and structure of European capital
cities.
• The federal government moved there in 1800.
• Today, Washington, D.C., remains the most visible
legacy of the Federalists’ belief in the power and
dignity of the new government.
Todays
national
deficit
THE NATIONS FIRST ECONOMIC CRISIS:
- The United States was in debt after the Revolutionary
War.
- Alexander Hamilton came up with a financial plan to help
save the nation:
1. The federal government would pay off the debt no
matter what! To prove to other countries that they had
honor so they could get help in the future.
2. He decided to create a national bank: They could
issue and distribute paper money.
3. They would put a tariff- a tax on imports in order to
protect US manufacturers.
THE WHISKEY REBELLION:
- To raise money for the government, Congress passed a tax
on all liquor made and sold in the United States. This new tax
created a rebellion that tested the strength of the new
government.
- The tax affected farmers who converted their corn into
whiskey for profit. They hated the tax and refused to pay it.
- Thousands marched in rebellion through the streets tarring
and feathering tax collectors.
- Washington responded quickly, sending the army to stop the
rebellion. His quick response proved to Americans that their
new government would act firmly in times of crisis.
WASHINGTON’S PRECEDENTS:
1. Set the example for how future presidents should act day
to day.
2. When he decided not to run for a third term, he set the
precedent for a two-term office.
3. He helped Congress expand the executive branch by
creating the Presidential cabinet. He also assisted in
getting the country out of debt.
4. Showed that the government needed to act quickly and
firmly during times of crisis (Whiskey rebellion).
5. In his famous Farewell Address he recommends that the
United States foreign policy should remain neutral (not
take sides in a conflict).
“Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent
alliances, with any portion of the foreign
world… the great rule of conduct for us, in
regard to foreign nations is… to have with
them as little political connection as
possible.”
- George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796.
CH 8-2 NOTES
Political Parties:
~ Members of Washington’s Cabinet had different ideas
about how the United States should be governed.
~ Two new political parties emerged (began). They
disagreed on how powerful the federal (national)
government should be.
FEDERALIST PARTY
- Founder:
Alexander Hamilton
- Believed that only wealthy
and educated landowners
should take part in the
government.
- Were for a strong central
government.
- Emphasized manufacturing
and trade.
- Favored a loose
interpretation of the
Constitution.
DEMOCRATICREPUBLICAN PARTY
- Founder:
Thomas Jefferson
- Believed that all people should
have a voice in the government.
- Wanted stronger state
governments.
- Emphasized agriculture
(farming).
- Favored a strict interpretation of
the constitution.
~ As the nation continues to face problems the
separation will increase between these two
political parties.
======================================
POLTICAL PARTIES TODAY
CH 8-3 NOTES:
TROUBLE AT HOME
CONFLICTS IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY:
~ Even though the United States won all the
land west of the Ohio River after the
Revolutionary war, British soldiers were still
there!
~ The British were supplying native Americans with
ammo and weapons in hopes it would limit
American settlement.
~ To avoid war, the American government tried to
force the Native Americans to sell their land.
Many refused but Americans continued to settle
west.
~ Washington sent the army, led by Anthony
Wayne. Finally they forced the Natives to give up
most of the land.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
~ The French Revolution began in 1789.
~ Many Americans supported the French because they
saw them as following the lead of the United States.
~As the French Revolution became more violent,
opinions of many Americans began to change.
~ This caused further divide between the U.S.
government.
FRENCH & BRITISH AT WAR!
~ By 1793 France and Britain were at war.
~ Again Americans disagreed on how to react.
President Washington wanted the United States to
remain neutral.
~ The united States wanted to continue to trade with
both sides. France and Britain did not like that.
~ Both countries began stopping American ships
and seizing their cargoes.
~ The British began the impressments of
American sailors/ships. This meant that they
were seizing sailors and forcing them to serve in
the British navy.
~ John Jay was sent by Washington to try and
smooth things over with the British. He signed the
Jay Treaty (agreement).
* In this treaty: The United States agreed to pay
it’s debt. In return the British agreed to pay for the
ships they seized and to withdraw their troops from
the Northwest Territory. (Nothing said about
impressment).
~ Washington and America continued to remain
neutral.
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS:
~ Washington decided to step
down after TWO terms in
office.
~ In his farewell Address,
Washington advised the
leaders of the United States to
stay away from alliances, or
partnerships with foreign
countries.
JOHN ADAMS BECOMES PRESIDENT
• ~ John Adams was elected the second
President of the U.S. in 1796.
CH 8-4 NOTES
THE PRESIDENCY OF JOHN
ADAMS
~ John Adams was a Federalist with Thomas
Jefferson a Republican becoming vice
president.
TROUBLE WITH FRANCE:
~ The French were angered by the U.S. neutrality in the war between
France and Britain. France was upset over the Jay Treaty that was
signed between the U.S. and Britain.
~ The French continued to attack American merchant ships. This hurt
the American economy by slowing our trade.
~ Adams sent agents to France to try and create peace, However they
tried to bribe the U.S. into paying them. The United States refused to
be bribed. This became known as the XYZ Affair because the names
of the officials were kept secret.
~ Many were angry that Adams did not declare war on France.
(Especially republicans). Federalists began to fear that immigrants
would take the Republicans side when they became citizens.
THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS:
~ Two new laws were passed under Adam’s presidency:
• The Alien Act: said that a person coming to the United
States, had to wait 14 years to become a citizen (used to
only be 5).
• The Sedition Act: made it a crime for anyone to write or
say/publish articles criticizing the government. (this was
aimed toward quieting the Republicans).
~ These new laws made Adams very unpopular. He lost the
next election when he tried to win a second term.
~ Thomas Jefferson became the 3rd president.
Adams new laws also led to the issue of States’ Rights.
Many felt the Central Government got too powerful, so states
should be able to nullify or not have to follow certain laws.