Transcript War, Nationalism, and Westward Expansion

Chapter 3
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As we learned in the last unit, in
1803 the Napoleonic Wars broke
out between France and Great
Britain.
Once again the United States was
caught in the middle.
Both French and British warships
would stop American merchant
ships.
The British also began a policy of
impressment, or seizing Americans
at sea and drafting them into the
British navy.
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Britain helped Native Americans in their fight
against American Settlers moving into new
lands.
In response to British aid to Native Americans
and forced drafts, a group of young congress
members know as the War Hawks began
calling for war with Britain to protect
American interests.
Soon, the War of 1812 began.
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The War of 1812 was the second war between
British and American forces. The war took
place throughout the colonies, and Britain
established a naval blockade in the Atlantic.
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In the final battle of the war,
American won a decisive victory.
On January 8, 1815, General Andrew
Jackson led American troops against
a large British force in New Orleans
and defeated it.
Through the combined efforts of the
states, America worked together to
defeat the British troops.
The victory led to a great sense of
nationalism amongst the Americans.
Battle of New
Orleans
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With the rise in
nationalism (the belief
that the interests of the
nation as a whole are
more important than
regional interests or
the interests of other
countries) came new
policies for America.
The Monroe Doctrine
declared the Americas
off-limits to European
colonization.
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Muculloch V. Maryland- 1819
The issue: After the Second Bank of the United States was
authorized by Congress, Maryland fought back by imposing a
tax on all banks not chartered by the state. The U.S. branch
bank manager in this city refused to pay the tax.
The ruling: The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had
implied powers under the Constitution's “Sweeping Clause” to
create a national bank and that Maryland lacked the power to
tax the bank. This case became a legal keystone of later
expansions of federal power.
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Gibbons v. Ogden --
1824
The issue: Steamboat operator Aaron
Ogden was granted a monopoly to run
his boats on the Empire State’s waters,
a power that was challenged by a
competitor.
The ruling: The court ruled that, under
this Constitutional clause, states could
not interfere with the power of
Congress to regulate interstate
commerce. This decision has been
called "the emancipation proclamation
of American commerce"
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The Monroe Doctrine established the idea
that further outside colonization was
“dangerous to our peace and safety.” If the
United States stayed out of European affairs,
Europe was expected to stay out of American
affairs.
The Adams-Onis Treaty- The United States
acquired Florida. This also established a firm
boundary between the Louisiana purchase
and Spanish territory. The treaty also allowed
American settlers to travel to Oregon for 10
years.
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By 1820 there was a tension between free states and
slave states. When Missouri petitioned to join the
union as a state, it caused an uproar. Half of the
states in the Union were free states, while half were
slave states. This exact balance provided equal
representation in the senate. Missouri wanted to be
admitted as a slave state which would upset the
balance.
The Situation was resolved through the Missouri
Compromise- under this agreement Missouri was
admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as
a free state.
Sectionalism (the belief that one’s own section, or
region, of the country is more important than the
whole) began to emerge.
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In 1824 Andrew Jackson, a popular
hero of the War of 1812, ran for
president.
Jackson lost to John Quincy Adams but
after Adams’s unpopular presidency,
Jackson was elected to office in 1828.
Jackson’s presidency is often called the
Age of Jackson.
It was characterized by conflict with the
Native Americans, conflict over the
national bank, and increasing
sectionalism.
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White settlers sought to claim Native American
lands. Jackson sought to remove Native
Americans in the regions they occupied in
America.
Indian Removal Act- This act called for the
relocation of the five Native American Nations to
an area west of the Mississippi river called Indian
territory.
These five groups were the Cherokee, Choctaw,
Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek.
Under U.S. Army supervision many Native
Americans were forced to march West, hundreds
of miles, to Indian Territory.
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Trail of Tears- The march which the Indian
Nations undertook under the Indian Removal
Act.
Conditions on the marches were miserable.
Exposure, malnutrition, and disease took
their toll.
So many Cherokee people suffered and died
that their journey became know as the trail of
tears, a term which symbolizes the suffering
of all of the nations.
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One hotly contested issue during Jackson’s presidency was
the Second Bank of the United States, a national bank
overseen by the federal government. The purpose of the
bank was to regulate state banks.
Jackson and other Americans opposed the Second National
Bank. They argued that the Constitution did not give
congress the authority to create a national bank…
What political party that we have learned about would have
held this view?
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Jackson sealed the fate of the bank. He ordered his
secretary of the treasury to take all of the money out of
the national bank and put it into select state banks. They
became known as pet banks because they were loyal to
Jackson.
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The controversy over the national bank was
largely a dispute over how power should be
divided between federal government and state
government.
Northern states and southern states also clashed
over tariffs. Northerners liked tariffs because they
made northern goods more competitive.
Southerners resented having to pay more for
manufactured goods.
In 1832 the south put the nullification theory into
place in which they could consider an unfair law
null and void.
At this time South Carolina threatened to secede
over tariffs.
Henry Clay resolved the issue by reducing tariffs
for ten years. However, tensions were heightened
between the north and south.
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Native Americans continued to be pushed
Westward as America sought to expand its
settlements.
Through domestic policies the north and
south began to split over governmental
decision.
Sectionalism began to eradicate the strong
sense of nationalism which was in place
shortly after the War of 1812.